Benoit

The following sources may be consulted for further details regarding the collection of environmental samples. The paper by Benoit and colleagues provides a good discussion of how easily samples can be contaminated during collection and preservation. 

Benoit, G. Hunter, K. S. Rozan, T. F. Sources of Trace Metal Contamination Artifacts During Collection, Handling, and Analysis of Freshwaters, Anal. Chem. 1997, 69, 1006-1011. Keith, L. H., ed. Principles of Environmental Sampling, American Chemical Society Washington, DC, 1988. 

Figure 9.17 Plot of log [i ]M versus retention volume for various polymers, showing how different systems are represented by a single calibration curve when data are represented in this manner. The polymers used include linear and branched polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(vinyl chloride), poly(phenyl siloxane), polybutadiene, and branched, block, and graft copolymers of styrene and methyl methacrylate. [From Z. Grubisec, P. Rempp, and H. Benoit, Polym. Lett. 5 753 (1967), used with permission of Wiley.]...

Figure 10.12 Light-scattering data in the limit of C2 = 0 plotted according to Eq. (10.89) for cellulose nitrate in acetone. [Data from H. Benoit, A. M. Holtzer, and P. Doty,/. Phys. Chem. 58 635 (1954).]...

Benoit et al.f prepared a mixture of two different fractions of cellulose nitrate and determined the molecular weight of the mixture by light scattering. The mixture was 25.8% by weight fraction A and 74.2% fraction B, where the individual fractions have the following properties ... 

D. A. Benoit and C. E. SteTphan, Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Chloride—1988, EPA 440/5-88-001., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,... 

P Eaure, A Micu, AJ Doucet, JC Smith, J-P Benoit. Nature Struct Biol 2 124, 1994. 

Benoit Roux Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York... 

The first detailed book to describe the practice and theory of stereology was assembled by two Americans, DeHoff and Rhines (1968) both these men were famous practitioners in their day. There has been a steady stream of books since then a fine, concise and very clear overview is that by Exner (1996). In the last few years, a specialised form of microstructural analysis, entirely dependent on computerised image analysis, has emerged - fractal analysis, a form of measurement of roughness in two or three dimensions. Most of the voluminous literature of fractals, initiated by a mathematician, Benoit Mandelbrot at IBM, is irrelevant to materials science, but there is a sub-parepisteme of fractal analysis which relates the fractal dimension to fracture toughness one example of this has been analysed, together with an explanation of the meaning of fractal dimension , by Cahn (1989). 

Oulevey, F, Burnham, N.A., Kulik, A.J., Gallo, P.-J., Gremaud, G. and Benoit, W., Mechanical properties studied at the nanoscale using scanning local-acceleration microscopy (SLAM). J. Phys. IV, 6, 731-734 (1996). 

The data given in the table for corynanthine are due to Foumeau and Fiore. Raymond-Hamet later found that corynanthine on alkaline hydrolysis gave a dextrorotatory acid, which Scholz confirmed and identified its methyl ester as yohimbine and suggested that corynanthine is a stereoisomeride of yohimbine. Fourneau and Benoit have confirmed that corynanthine on acid hydrolysis gives 1-corynanthic acid (m.p. 284°, [a]i) — 85-9° pyridine), but on alkaline hydrolysis, even in the cold, some racemisation occurs and the resulting acid is of low lasvo-rotation. They also point out that both yohimbine and corynanthine yield yohimbone on dehydrogenation cf., p. 504) and are probably stereoiso-merides. 

For these reasons, it is very important to effectively suppress the enthalpic interactions in SEC so that Benoit s plot is valid for both calibration standards and characterized polymers. This is done by choosing non (inter) active column packings, adjusting the temperature of the experiment, and applying interaction (mainly adsorption) suppressing liquids (single or mixed) as eluents. 

In SEC, universal calibration is often utilized to characterize a molecular weight distribution. For a universal calibration curve, one must determine the product of log(intrinsic viscosity molecular weight), or log([7j] M). The universal calibration method originally described by Benoit et al. (9) employs the hydro-dynamic radius or volume, the product of [tj] M as the separation parameter. The calibration curves for a variety of polymers will converge toward a single curve when plotted as log([7j] M) versus elution volume (VJ, rather than plotted the conventional way as log(M) versus V, (5). Universal calibration behavior is highly dependent on the absence of any secondary separation effects. Most failures of universal calibration are normally due to the absence of a pure size exclusion mechanism. 

In the late 1820s another French engineer, Benoit Fourncyroti, applied the ideas of Borda and Poncelet to horizontal v ater wheels. Fourneyron led water into a stationary inner wheel equipped with fixed. 

Benoit Fourneyron develops a water turbine in France. 

---