Benign and Malignant Tumors

Note that in Group T, the total number of animals with tumors is not the sum of those with benign and malignant tumors this means only that two of the animals had both benign and malignant tumors. 

According to OECD (2001b), the term carcinogen denotes a chemical substance or a mixture of chemical substances, which induce cancer or increase its incidence. Substances which have induced benign and malignant tumors in well-performed experimental studies on animals are considered also to be presumed or suspected human carcinogens unless there is strong evidence that the mechanism of tumor formation is not relevant for humans. ... 

Price, J. M., "Benign and Malignant Tumors in the Urinary Bladder" Medical Examination Publishing Co., Inc. 

BHA induces benign and malignant tumors of the forestomach in rats and hamsters by administration through diet. It is toxic to the reproductive system and embryo in rats but not toxic to rabbits, pigs, or rhesus monkeys. 

Benign and Malignant Tumors Arising within Bone. 193... 

O Connell JX, Wehrli BM, Nielsen GP, et al. Giant cell tumors of soft tissue A clinicopathologic study of 18 benign and malignant tumors. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000 24 386-395. 

Both benign and malignant tumors can arise in the larynx and hypopharynx. By far the most common malignancy is SCC and its variants. Salivary gland-type... 

Adsay NV, Klimstra DS. Benign and Malignant Tumors of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract. In Odze RD, Goldblum JR, eds. Surgical Pathology of the GI tract, Liver, Biliary Tract, and Pancreas. Philadelphia Elsevier 2009 845-875. 

Klimstra DS, Adsay NV. Benign and malignant tumors of the pancreas. In Odze RD, Goldblum JR, Crawford JM, eds. Surgical pathology of the GI tract, liver, biliary tract and pancreas. Philadelphia Saunders 2004 699-731. 

ER and PR expression is seen in a wide range of non-uterine tissues and in both benign and malignant tumors. Of note, ER and PR expression is moderate to strong in endometrioid carcinomas, but is not expressed or only weakly expressed in clear cell carcinomas.ER and... 

Increase in malignant or combined benign and malignant tumors (a) in multiple species or strains (b) in multiple experiments (different routes or dose levels) or (c) to an unusual degree in a single experiment with regard to high incidence, unusual site or type of tumor, or an early age at onset... 

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