Germany benchmarking

On an overall European scale, the results show that updating using an output-based uniform benchmark in the UK, Germany and The Netherlands has a smaller impact on emissions than... 

Figure 6. C02 Emissions with base case, updating using output-based uniform benchmark and output-based fuel-specific benchmark for Europe (EU23+10), England and Wales, Germany and The Netherlands (20 /tCO2, 2008-2012 only).

Most phase I NAPs provide for NE allocations based on a general emission rate and predicted activity level. For example in The Netherlands (NL), new entrants are allocated allowances based on projected output or fixed cap factor multiplied by uniform emission rate in line with that of a combined-cycle gas turbine (CCGT). In France, Germany and Poland, C02-intensive power generators, such as coal-fired installations, receive the highest number of allowances per kW installed. The literature highlights the risk that NE provisions can create distortions (Harrison and Radov, 2002). In order to illustrate how these rules can impact electricity prices and C02 emissions in our GB simulations, we focus on two approaches one based on a uniform benchmark and one based on a fuel-specific benchmark. In both cases the forecast capacity factor of new entrants is fixed at 60%. 

Prechelt, L. (1994). PROBEN1 - A set of benchmarks and benchmarking rules for neural network training algorithms. Fakultat fur Informatik, Universitat Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany. 

Concerning the DECOVALEX benchmarks our part of the work is restricted to isothermal conditions. Multiphase flow modeling considering non-isothermal effects is performed by the Center for Applied Geosciences (2 G) in Tubingen, Germany. 

As far as the WAC group is concerned, the benchmark exerdse about BN-8(X) in its nearly-zero void reactivity version focused on severe transient accident conditions of the ULOF type. At their yearly review meeting of May 94, the IWGFR of IAEA had agreed to support this new BN-800 calculational exercise proposed by IPPE. Participation includes Germany, France, UK, Italy and Russia as the traditional partners of the WAC comparative exercises, as well as USA, Japan and India as additional "IAEA" parmers. 

Prechelt, L. (1994) Probenl -A set of neural network henchmark problems and benchmarking rules. Technical Report 21/94, Universitat Karhhhe, Germany. 

There are many technological rules (failure mode and protection mode hypothesis), but although normative, these railway environment rules ate not applied equally between the north and south of Europe or even across the Atlantic". Consequently, an architecture whose safety level is accepted in Germany, will not necessarily be accepted in France, and a product developed according to safety rules for the French market will require one or more modifications to meet North American standards. 1 can assure you there is also inconsistency in the opposite direction. Cross-acceptance by the authorities of technological benchmarks specific to each country is pitted against safety culture dogma. 

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