Beliefs relational individuation

Individual beliefs about politics can be presented as descriptive beliefs, while their attitudes toward politics can be presented as a set of normative beliefs. For example, I believe that Quebec is a nation is a descriptive statement, whereas I believe it is wrong that Quebec is not given national status is a normative statement. Hence, we can impose a more uniform description on what constitutes a political culture a political culture is a set of descriptive and normative beliefs about politics. Below, when it is not important for my presentation to separate beliefs and attitudes, I will use beliefs to refer to both descriptive and normative beliefs. For a political culture to characterize a nation, individuals need to self-identify with the set of beliefs characterizing the corresponding political culture. To self-identify with a set of beliefs, individuals have to both be capable of forming dispositions to behave based directly on these beliefs and to approve the beliefs propositional content. I will deal more with the notion of self-identification in the next section. When an individual is motivated to act directly in relation to a certain belief, this individual develops a disposition to behave. 

Aiming to help individuals identify pathological, obstructive beliefs, feelings, thoughts and behaviours relating to personal issues. 

The visual hallucinations are often composed of extremely vivid colors of geometric patterns, such as cones, spirals, or cobweb-Uke structures. Other types of hallucinations are possible. A true hallucination involves the belief by the individual that the (altered) sensations and perceptions actually represent reality. However, generally the person abusing LSD and related drugs retains the ability to test reality versus illusion and knows that the experience is not real. Thus, the... 

Immediately behind fully conscious experiences are easily experienceable phenomena, represented by the second circle. The mental effect of these phenomena relates to the individual s explicit belief system I believe that noise is undesirable, but I am fascinated by the workings of machines. Their emotional effect relates to the things he readily knows he likes or dislikes loud noises generally bother me and make me feel intruded upon. Their bodily effect relates to consciously usable skills and movements I can relax my facial muscles. These phenomena affect the individual at a level that is not in the focus of consciousness, but that can be easily made conscious by paying attention. 

Each demon accumulates evidence that its associated PLF is or is not a factor that limits plant performance. This evidence is represented by the demon s level of current belief, which is determined by the effect of the individual variables related to the demon. Many demons may "observe" the same variable, but each demon will have a distinct reaction to the value of the variable. For example, resolution of a variable which increases the level of belief in one demon can simultaneously decrease the level of belief in one or any number of other demons. A critical design component of an ALEX expert system, therefore, is the definition of which variables will be observed by each demon, and determination of the impact each variable will have on the belief of each associated demon. Once a demon acquires control of a system consultation, investigation of variables related to the demon continues until all variables related to that demon have been evaluated. At the end of the consultation, the final level of belief of the demons also defines the system s conclusions -- with POTW EXPERT, the PLF demons final levels of current belief determine whether or not each PLF is judged to be a cause of degraded plant performance. 

It is consistent with the scapegoat theory of witchcraft, but not with the psychopathological theory of it, that the individuals persecuted as witches were often helpless and poor and that, in addition to witches, Jews, heretics of all sorts, Protestants, and scientists whose opinions threatened Church dogma, were also victimized by the Inquisition. In short, whereas psychiatric theory relates the belief in witchcraft and the persecution of witches to the mental diseases supposedly harbored by the witches, the scapegoat theory relates them to the specific conditions of the society in which such beliefs and practices occurred. Because of these different perspectives, psychiatric investigations of witchcraft concentrate on the witches and ignore the witch-hunters, while nonpsychiatric investigations of it reverse this focus. ... 

---