Batteries in series

The lead-acid cell was invented by Plante in 1859, and has remained more-or-less unchanged since Faurd updated it in 1881. The lead-acid cell is the world s most popular choice of secondary battery, meaning it is rechargeable. It delivers an emf of about 2.0 V. Six lead-acid batteries in series produce an emf of 12 V. 

The Myers NmG three-wheeled electric car has a top speed of 70 mph. It is a single seat, three-wheeled electric car that runs on 156 volts DC with thirteen 12-volt batteries in series. It has a 1350 pounds curb weight with a 30-60 mile range and a price of 15,000- l7,000. 

Resistors in series behave in the same manner as batteries in series. The equivalent resistance is simply the sum of the individual resistances. Figure 10.7 illustrates this point. 

Some commonly used batteries are shown in Table 15.5, and two are drawn schematically in Fig. 15.10. From these it can be seen that important components are the container, the anode/cathode compartment separators, current collectors to transport current from the electrode material (usually a porous, particulate paste), the electrode material itself, and the electrolyte. It should be noted that the electrode reactions can be significantly more complex than those indicated in Table 15.5, and there will probably be parallel reactions. By stacking the batteries in series, any multiple of the cell potential can be obtained. 

Rote et al. (1993, 1994) used a carotid thrombosis model in dogs. A calibrated electromagnetic flow meter was placed on each common carotid artery proximal to both the point of insertion of an intravascular electrode and a mechanical constrictor. The external constrictor was adjusted with a screw until the pulsatile flow pattern decreased by 25 % without altering the mean blood flow. Electrolytic injury to the intimal surface was accomplished with the use of an intravascular electrode composed of a Teflon-insulated silver-coated copper wire connected to the positive pole of a 9-V nickel-cadmium battery in series with a 250000 ohm variable resistor. The cathode was connected to a subcutaneous site. Injury was initiated in the right carotid artery by application of a 150 xA continuous pulse anodal direct current to the intimal surface of the vessel for a maximum duration of 3 h or for 30 min beyond the time of complete vessel occlusion as determined by the blood flow recording. Upon completion of the study on the right carotid, the procedure for induction of vessel wall injury was repeated on the left carotid artery after administration of the test drug. 

The property of zero resistance is dramatically demonstrated by the phenomenon of persistent currents in superconducting loops. To establish an electrical current in a loop of superconducting wire, the ends of the wire can be connected to a battery in series with a resistor that limits the current, as shown in Figure 2. When switch S2 is closed, the current commences to flow in the loop, and then when switch Si is closed to bypass the battery and S2 is opened to disconnect the battery, the loop resistance drops to zero and the current flow enters the persistent mode. The zero resistance property implies that the current will continue flowing indefinitely. 

Air is most commonly dispersed with mechanical agitation. Figure 20.10 illustrates a popular kind of flotation cell in which the gas is dispersed and the pulp is circulated with impellers. Such vessels have capacities of 300-400 cuft. Usually several are connected in series as in Figure 20.10(b). The froth is removed from each cell as it is formed, but the pulp goes through the battery in series. The froth is not highly stable and condenses readily without... 

Today, flooded lead acid batteries are used in SLI duty. Although installation of valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries in series-production vehicles began as early as the late 1980s [19 22], penetration of the SLI market by VRLA batteries has, so far, been quite limited. VRLA batteries are primarily used only in motorcycles, some military applications and, recently, in niche-markets such as luxury cars, taxis, and agricultural vehicles. 

Such a galvanic cell produces roughly 1.5 volt which is why it is necessaiy to insert several diy cell batteries in series to achieve sufficient voltage to run a pocket calculator. The figure below shows the principle of the set-up of such an acid dry cell battery. 

The best electrodes to use are made of platinum, but this experiment can be done with copper, for example. You can connect five-volt square batteries in series to increase the current, which in turn speeds up the reaction. 

Actually, in living cells there are many ionic species, with the important ones being potassium, sodium, and ctdoride. All these individually have their own Nemst potential that contributes to the total membrane potential. The fraction to which each adds to the total TMP depends on the membrane s permeability for the specific ion. Each ionic potential might be imagined as a battery in series with a specific electric conductance (related to the membrane s ionic permeability) and all connected across the membrane. Each ion species contributes according to the membrane s intrinsic permeability for that ion like batteries in parallel. 

Pig. 4.5 Simple circuit showing two identical and independent (redundant) capacitor/resistor paths in an electronic circuit with a load, two ceU battery (in series), a fuse and a single pole double throw (SPOT switch. 

Supply 2 X 12V rechargeable batteries in series Mobility System... 

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