Process basic oxygen

In oxygen steelmaking, 99.5% pure oxygen gas is mixed with hot metal, causiag the oxidation of the excess carbon and siHcon ia the hot metal and thereby produciag steel. In the United States, this process is called the basic-oxygen process (BOP) (4,9,10). The first U.S. commercial iastallation began operation in 1955. 

Top-Blown Basic Oxygen Process. The top-blown basic oxygen process is conducted ia a cylindrical furnace somewhat similar to a Bessemer converter. This furnace has a dished bottom without holes and a tmncated cone-shaped top section ia which the mouth of the vessel is located. The furnace shell is made of steel plates ca 50-mm thick it is lined with refractory 600—1200-mm thick (11). 

Because the basic-oxygen process uses a refining agent containing practically no nitrogen, the product has a low nitrogen content. Oxygen residues depend on the carbon content. 

Residual alloying elements such as copper, nickel, or tin are usually considered undesirable. Their main source is purchased scrap. Because of the generally high consumption of hot metal in the basic-oxygen process, the residual alloy content is usually sufficiently low, depending on the quaUty of the purchased scrap. 

Secondary Brass and Bronze Production Plants Primary Emissions from Basic Oxygen Process Furnaces for Which Construction Commenced after June 11, 1973... 

Secondary Emissions from Basic Oxygen Process Steelmaking Facilities for Which Construction Commenced after January 20, 1983 Sewage Treatment Plants Primary Copper Smelters Primary Zinc Smelters... 

Increasingly today, steels after they have been tapped (poured) from the furnace undergo a further stage of processing called secondary steelmaking before the steel is cast. This applies to both the basic oxygen process route and to the electric arc furnace route. 

Introduction (in Austria) of the basic oxygen process , now by far the most common process for making steel. 

FIGURE 16.40 In the basic oxygen process, a blast of oxygen and powdered limestone is used to purify molten iron by oxidizing and combining with the impurities present in it. 

Tooth restorative resins, 8 333 Top (surface) driers, 9 147 Top- and bottom-blown basic-oxygen processes, 23 260 Topas, 70 180 Topaz... 

Describe the operation of a blast furnace and how steel is made by the basic oxygen process, Section 16.15. 

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