Dispersing basic operation

XKF basically operates always in the way that the excitation radiation is transferred into the sample, where fluorescence radiation is produced. An energy dispersive detection system allows the separation of this fluorescence radiation by energy and the counting of the intensity collected by energy. 

The preparation of oral liquids generally follows the basic operations such as dissolving, mixing and dispersing described in Chap. 29. The method depends on the characteristics of the formulation solution, suspension, emulsion. This section discusses as well the increasing non-availability of the active substance as a raw material. 

The suitability of the apparatus should be validated for each formulation and batch size. The following points of attention can be given, with reference to dispersion and mixing by hand with mortar and pestle (see Sect. 28.6.4, see also Sects. 29.2-29.7 on the basic operations on dispersing and mixing) ... 

This chapter describes the different types of batch and continuous bioreactors. The basic reactor concepts are described as well as the respective basic bioreactors design equations. The comparison of enzyme reactors is performed taking into account the enzyme kinetics. The modelhng and design of real reactors is discussed based on the several factors which influence their performance the immobilized biocatalyst kinetics, the external and internal mass transfer effects, the axial dispersion effects, and the operational stabihty of the immobilized biocatalyst. 

The basic advantage of the suspended biofilm membrane reactors over the suspended biomass system (either with dispersed cells or with floes) is that the former are able to retain much more biomass [22]. It substantially reduces the biomass wash out and allows a more stable operation with higher biomass concentration. A moving-bed-biofilm membrane reactor is illustrated in Figure 14.5. The biomass is immobilized inside and outside of the fluidized particles. The structure of the biofilm continuously... 

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