Baseline factors design

For a partial separation situation after screening, the organic modifier content and temperature are decreased according to a 2 full factorial design. When baseline separation is obtained, the retention factor can be further optimized by changing the... 

Experiments were designed to study the effects of porous media on spray combustion and resulting emissions. A number of factors could affect combustion performance with the presence of porous inserts, including the location, thickness, and pore size of the porous insert and operating conditions such as firing rate and fuel-air ratio. For different operating conditions, the baseline tests without porous inserts were completed. After the baseline tests, the same operating conditions were repeated with porous layers installed at various locations. More tests were then completed with different porous material properties. 

Consent decrees may specify hardware or additive solutions for individual applications. When a refiner agrees to implement a hardware solution, emissions limits are typically specified in the Consent Decree. This requires the refiner to design and implement an appropriately sized unit to meet these limits. With FCC additive solutions or hybrid solutions combining hardware and additives (such as a hydrotreater and SOj reduction additive), final emissions limits are not generally defined in the Consent Decree. Instead, a testing and demonstration program is defined to determine the performance of the additive(s) in the FCC unit at optimized concentrations. This may also be the case for some hardware solutions. The process to determine the optimized additive rate and process conditions is also identified. A baseline period and model is often used to determine additive effectiveness. A series of kick-out factors based upon additive performance are evaluated to determine the optimized level... 

Guard column is placed anterior to the separating column. This serves as a protective factor that prolongs the life and usefulness of the separation column. They are dependable columns designed to filter or remove particles that clog the separation column and compounds and ions that could ultimately cause "baseline drift", decreased resolution, decreased sensitivity or create false peaks... 

Erectile impotence is particularly common in men with diabetes (16), who are likely to have difficulties because of autonomic dysfunction. It is unclear whether younger men and women are similarly affected and whether nor-motensive men have fewer such problems (124). Most investigations of the effects of diuretics on sexual function have been characterized by poor study design (125) the majority had no placebo control and relied on comparisons with baseline. The best studies have suggested an increase in erectile dysfunction in thiazides users compared with placebo. Bearing in mind all the confounding factors, it can be concluded that diuretics will sometimes cause impotence, but that in the population as a whole the effect is slight compared with other causes (SEDA-11, 197) (SEDA-11,198). 

Such a step is not required from a statistical point of view, as a result of the role of a properly executed randomization process, but it can be comforting if it supports the clinical relevance of the effect after adjustment for the baseline covariate. If there are specific explanatory factors that are suspected of having an effect on the outcome of interest at the start of a study, it is advisable to incorporate them into the overall study design (for example, through stratified randomization). A brief discussion of this topic has been published by Roberts and Torgerson (1999). The EMEA CPMP has also published a guidance document on baseline covariates (EMEA CPMP 2003). 

When designing a metabonomic experiment it is critical to control as much as possible all the factors that affect the baseline of detected metabolites. These factors include but are not limited to species, strain, gender, diet, age, diurnal variation, changes in gut microflora, lifestyle, and time of sampling [34,50,77-82],... 

Van Dooren and Muller investigated in great detail by factorial designs the effects of apparatus, test substance, reference material, atmosphere (152), as well as heating rate and particle size (153,159,160) on results in quantitative DSC. The former set of experimental factors are called baseline-related characteristics if the curve is described using these parameters, large standard deviations should be taken into account. A baseline equation, based on heat balance considerations, is... 

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