Based on Impregnation

The presence of micropores in carbon materials usually facilitates metal dispersion, which does not, however, translate into an increase in the catalytic activity. This may be explained by the blockage of metal nanoparticles in micropores, which are not accessible to reagents [98]. As a consequence, PEMFC specifications require that carbon materials used in PEMFCs comprise a high contribution level of mesopores, but no micropores. The ratio of the surface area of mesopores (the external surface area) to the overall pore area may be characterized by the Actab bet ratio, where Actab is the surface area measured using cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide. It has been shown that carbon blacks with a Actab/Abet 

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The dispersion of Pt(0) inside the functionalized resins was carried out by two main routes. The first is based on impregnation of the resin with a mesitylene solution of Pt nanoclusters (Solvated Pt Atoms) obtained via MVS. The second procedure, called Chemical Incorporation and Reduction (CIR), implies the immobilization of convenient molecular Pt precursors (i.e. [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2) in the pre-swollen resins, followed by chemical reduction of the metal center. Among the Pt catalysts obtained by the CIR procedure only Pt/CF3 exhibits a high conversion of the... 

Enantioanalysis of S-cilazapril [24] was performed using an EPME based on impregnation of 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl-/fcyclo-dextrin (as chloride salt) solution in a carbon paste, which proved a... 

S-enalapril assay can be done using the potentiometric electrode based on impregnation of 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniopropyl-/i-cyclodextrin (as chloride salt) solution in a carbon paste, in the 3.6 x 10 5-6.4 x 10-2 mol/L (pH between 3.0 and 6.0) concentration range with a detection limit of 1.0 x 10 5 mol/L [25]. The slope is near-Nernstian 55.00 mV/decade of concentration. The average recovery of S-enalapril raw material is 99.96% (RSD — 0.098%). The potentiometric selectivity coefficient over D-proline (6.5 x 10 4) proved the sensor s enantioselectivity. S-enalapril was determined from pharmaceutical tablets with an average recovery of 99.59% (RSD — 0.20%). 

The EPME based on impregnation of 2-hydroxy-3-trimethylammoniop-ropyl-//-cyclodextrin (as chloride salt) solution in a carbon paste can be reliably used for S-trandolapril assay with an average recovery of 99.77% (RSD — 0.22%) [24]. The linear concentration range is 10 4-10 2 mol/L on the 2.5-5.5 pH range. The detection limit is of 10 5 mol/L magnitude order. The slope is near-Nernstian 52.45 mV/decade. The sensor enantioselectivity was determined over D-proline, when a 10 4 magnitude order was obtained for potentiometric selectivity coefficient. 

A new technology, based on impregnating continuous glass fibres with an extruded low viscosity PVC melt and subsequent application via the extrusion die of a standard PVC extrudate, has given PVC profiles with a 500% increase in stiffness (201). 

The following laboratory method was used for the introduction of zirconium phosphate into ceramic porous strucmres. The method is based on impregnation of the porous materials with crystalline sol of zirconium dioxide. 

Most of the commercial precondensates are suitable for the process, which is based on impregnation with the following padding mixture I.C.I. Dyehouse Publication No. 546). 

Gram cobalt based on impregnated catalyst formulation. 

Figure 2.1 General procedure based on impregnation, drying and thermal treatment followed for the preparation of a supported catalyst.

Deposition From the Liquid Phase 14.4.2.1 Methods Based on Impregnation... 

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