Basalt glass

Des Marais DJ, Moore JG (1984) Carbon and its isotopes in mid-oceanic basaltic glasses. Earth Planet Sci Lett 69 43-57... 

Nishio Y, Sasaki S, Gamo T, Hiyagon H, Sano Y (1998) Carbon and helium isotope systematics of North Fiji basin basalt glasses carbon geochemical cycle in the subduction zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 154 127-138... 

Cooper R.F., Fanselow J.B., and Poker D.B. (1996a) The mechanism of oxidation of a basaltic glass chemical diffusion of network-modifying cations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60, 3253-3265. 

Jambon A. and Shelby J.E. (1980) Helium diffusion and solubility in obsidians and basaltic glass in the range 200-300°C. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 51, 206-214. 

Kurz M.D. and Jenkins W.J. (1981) The distribution of helium in oceanic basalt glasses. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 53, 41-54. 

The following discussion limited to basaltic glasses illustrates the fact that natural analogues are irreplaceable for the development of predictive models. 

Fig. 1. Calculated activation energies of radioactive waste containment glass and basaltic glasses (Techer, 1999 Techer et al. 2000).

The following example concerns a basaltic glass altered experimentally in seawater at temperatures between 25 and 90 °C for durations ranging from a few minutes to 30 days (Crovisier et al. 1982 Thomassin Touray 1982). Regardless of the temperature, the first secondary mineral observed was a hydroxycarbonate from... 

Fig. 2. Alteration layers observed on the surface of basaltic and nuclear glasses, comprising a porous zone and phyllosilicates (a) tholeiitic basalt glass altered 120 days at 50 C (Crovisier et al. 1987) (b) MW nuclear glass altered 5.7 years at 90 CC (Curti et al. in preparation).

Fig. 3. Hydrotalcite Mg6Al2C03(0H)i6-4H20 formed experimentally by alteration of basaltic glass in seawater at 50 °C (30 days).

These experimental findings raised a problem hydrotalcite had never been described in the natural environment as a basaltic glass alteration... 

Abdelouas, A., Crovisier, J. L., Lutze, W., Fritz, B., Mosser, A. Muller R. 1994. Formation of hydrotalcite-like compounds during R7T7 nuclear waste glass and basaltic glass alteration. Clays and Clay Minerals, 42, 526-533. 

Byers, C. D., Ewing, R. C. Jercinovic, M. J. 1987a. Experimental alteration of basalt glass applied to the alteration of nuclear waste glass. Advances in Ceramics, 20, 733 -744. 

Crovisier, J. L., Fritz, B., Grambow, B., Eberhart, J. P. 1985. Dissolution of basaltic glass in seawater experiments and thermodynamic modelling. In Werme, L. O. (ed) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management IX. Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 50, 273-280. 

Daux, V., Guy, C., Advocat, T., Crovisier, J.-L., Stille, P. 1997. Kinetic aspects of basaltic glass dissolution at 90°C role of aqueous silicon and aluminium. Chemical Geology, 142, 109-126. 

Honnorez, J. 1978. Generation of phillipsites by pala-gonitization of basaltic glass in seawater and the origin of K-rich deep-sea sediments. In Sand, S. B. Mumpton, F. A. (eds) Natural Zeolites,... 

Jercinovic, M. J. Ewing, R. C. 1987. Basaltic Glasses from Iceland and the Deep Sea Natural Analogues to Borosilicate Nuclear Waste-Form Glass. Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co, Stockholm, Technical Report JSS 88-01, 221 p. 

Jercinovic, M. J., Keil, K., Smith, M. R. Schmitt, R. A. 1990. Alteration of basaltic glasses from north-central British Columbia, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 54, 2679-2696. 

Malow, G., Lutze, W. Ewing, R. C. 1984. Alteration effects and leach rates of basaltic glasses implications for the long-term stability of nuclear waste form borosilicate glasses. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 67, 305-321. 

Murakami, T., Ewing, R. C. Bunker, B. C. 1988. Analytical electron microscopy of leached layers on synthetic basalt glass. In Apted, M. J. Westerman, R. E. (eds) Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XI. Material Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 112, 737-748. 

Liotard, J.-M. 2000. Basaltic glass alteration mechanisms and analogy with nuclear waste glasses. Journal of Nuclear Materials, 282, 40-46. 

Techer, I., Lancelot, J., Clauer, N., Liotard, J.-M. Advocat, T. 2001 b. Alteration of a basaltic glass in an argillaceous medium The Salagou dike of the Lodeve Permian Basin (France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 65, 1071-1086. 

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