Barium titanate ceramics

R. D. Roseman, Influence ofYttria and Zirconia on the Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistance in Barium Titanate Ceramics, M.S. dissertation. University of Illinois, Urbana, Dl. 1991. 

The contribution to the stress from electromechanical coupling is readily estimated from the constitutive relation [Eq. (4.2)]. Under conditions of uniaxial strain and field, and for an open circuit, we find that the elastic stiffness is increased by the multiplying factor (1 -i- K ) where the square of the electromechanical coupling factor for uniaxial strain, is a measure of the stiffening effect of the electric field. Values of for various materials are for x-cut quartz, 0.0008, for z-cut lithium niobate, 0.055 for y-cut lithium niobate, 0.074 for barium titanate ceramic, 0.5 and for PZT-5H ceramic, 0.75. These examples show that electromechanical coupling effects can be expected to vary from barely detectable to quite substantial. 

Daniels, J., Hardtl, K.H., Hennings, D. and Wernicke, R. (1976) Defect chemistry and electrical conductivity of doped barium titanate ceramics. Philips Research Reports 31, 487-559. 

The dielectric characteristics of barium titanate ceramics with respect to temperature, electric field strength, frequency and time (ageing) are very dependent on the substitution of minor amounts of other ions for Ba or Ti. 

Frey, M.H. et al. (1998) The role of interfaces on an apparent grain size effect on the dielectric properties for ferroelectric barium titanate ceramics, Ferroelectrics, 206-207, 337-53. 

Basantakumar Sharma and Sarma H. N. K., A Mansingh, Ferroelectric and dielectric properties of sol-gel processed barium titanate ceramics and thin film. J. Materials Science. 34(1999) pp. 1385-1388. 

Wernicke R., The kinetics of equilibrium restoration in barium titanate ceramics. Philips Res. Rep., 31, 526-543, 1976. 

Polotai, A.V., Ragulya, A.V., RandaU, C.A. Preparation and size effect in pure ntmocrys-talline barium titanate ceramics. Ferroelectrics 288,93-102 (2003)... 

Attempts are still being made to produce improved bolometers operating at or near room temperature. These include vanadium oxide metal-semiconductor transition devices [8.7], bismuth-lead layers [8.8], metallic nickel [8.8a], and aluminium [8.8b], silicon carbide [8.8c], and doped barium titanate ceramic [8.8d] elements. New designs of radiometers and power meters using thermistor bolometers have been described [8.9-11]. Microelectronic techniques have been used to produce fast but sensitive (NEP 10 WHz at 25 MHz and 100 pm wavelengths) uncooled for improved bolometers [8.11a]. 

Fracture surface in a bending test specimen made from the same barium titanate ceramic. Qualitative differences between both types of fracture surfaces are hardly recognizable. 

Berlincourt, D. and Kmeger, H.H.A. (1959) Domain processes in lead titanate zirconate and barium titanate ceramics. /. Appl. Phys., 30 (11), 1804-1810. 

Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Nanograin Barium Titanate Ceramics by Spark Piasma Sintering... 

D. Lu, X. Sun, M. Toda Electron Spin Resonance Investigations and Compensation Mechanism of Europium-Doped Barium Titanate Ceramics Japanese Journal of Applied Physics Vol. 45, No. 11, 2006, pp. 8782-8788... 

Arlt G, Hennings D, de With G (1985) Dielectric properties of fine-grained barium titanate ceramic. 1 Appl Phys 58 1619-1625... 

Curecheriu L, 6uscagha MT, 6uscagha V et al (2010) Grain size effect on the nonlinear dielectric properties of barium titanate ceramics. Appl Phys Lett 97 242909... 

Matsunaga, T., Shimooka, H., Takahashi, S., and Kuwabara, M. (1993). Or mizations and PTCR characteristics of single grain boundaries in barium titanate ceramics. Proceedings of Fall Meeting of The Ceramic Society of Japan, p. 276. 

Lead Stannate. PbSn03 up to 5% of this material is sometimes added to barium titanate ceramics to reduce their tendency to depolarize when used as piezoelectrics. 

Lead Tantalate. PbTa205 a ferroelectric compound of interest as an electroceramic. The Curie temperature is 260°C. Lead Titanate. PbTi03 added in small amounts to barium titanate ceramics to improve their piezoelectric behaviour a complex lead titanate-zirconate body (P.Z.T.) finds use as a ceramic component in piezoelectric transducers. The Curie temperature is 490 C. 

Miraceram Barium titanate ceramics with positive temperature coefficient of resistance, used to make heating elements for domestic appliances, which then need no separate overheating cutout. The heaters are made as honeycomb with high specific surface. 

Baxter, F.R., Turner, I.G., Bowen, Ch.R., Gittings, J.P., and Chaudhuri, J.B. (2009) An in vitro study of electrically active hydroxyapatite-barium titanate ceramics using Saos-2 cells. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 20 (8), 1697-1708. 

L. M. Eng, H. J. Giintherodt, G. A. Schneider, U. Kopke, and J. Munoz Saldana, Nanoscale reconstruction of surface crystaUography from three dimensional polarization distribution in ferro electric barium titanate ceramics, Appl Phys. Lett. 74,233 235 (1999). 

T., Noma, S., Wada, M., Satake, T., Otsuka and T., Suzuki, Indentation Fracture of Poled Barium Titanate Ceramics, in Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Ceramic Society of Japan ( Yokohama, Japan, April 1996). The Ceramic Society of Japan, Tokyo, Japan, pp.551(199Q... 

Frey M.H., Payne D.A. Synthesis and processing of barium titanate ceramics from alkoxide solutions and monolithic gels. Chem. Mater. 1995 7 123-129 Fu X., Qutubuddin S. S)mlhesis of titania-coated sMca nanoparticles using a nonionic water-in-oil microemulsion. Colloids Surf. A 2001 179 65-70 Ganguli D. Sol-emulsion-gel synthesis of ceramic particles. Bull. Mater. Sd. 1999 22 221-226 GanguU D., Chatteijee M. Ceramic Powder Preparation A Handbook. Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997... 

Shimooka H., Kohiki S., Kobayashi T., Kuwabara M. Preparation of tanslucent barium titanate ceramics from sol-gel derived transparent monolithic gels. J. Mater. Chem. 2000 10 1511-1512 Shimooka H., Kuwabara M. Preparation of dense BaTiOs ceramics from sol-gel derived monolithic gels. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1995 78 2849-2852... 

Tangwiwat, S. and Milne, S.J. (2005) Diol-based sol-gel as a novel binder for barium titanate ceramics. /. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol, 34,147-154. 

Kinoshita K, Yamaji A Grain-size effects on dielectric properties in barium titanate ceramics. J. Appl. Phys., 1976 47 371-373. DOI 10.1063/1.322330... 

Ho I.-C. Semieondueting barium titanate ceramics prepared by Boron-containing liquid-phase sintering,/. Am. Ceram. Soc., (1994), 77, 829-832. 

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