Balancing counterion

While organoamine constituents have been conventionally introduced as charge-balancing counterions in zeolite synthesis and in the preparations of... 

The arrangement of the charges at the solid-liquid interface and the balancing counterions in the liquid is usually referred to as the electrical double layer (EDL). There is a thin layer of counterions immediately next to the charged solid surface called the compact layer. The counterions in the compact layer are immobile due to the strraig electrostatic attraction. Counterions outside the compact layer are mobile. This part of the EDL is... 

The PSS in the complex has two fimctions. The first function is to serve as the charge-balancing counterion to the PEDT [11]. Without a PSS counterion in the system, the monomolecular thiolactone oxidation product 3,4-ethylenedioxy-2(5H)-thiophenone is formed instead of the desired PEDT PSS polymer [22]. The second function of the PSS is to disperse the PEDT segments in the water. Although the resulting PEDT PSS complex is not truly water soluble, the reaction forms a stable, easy-to-process, deep blue microdispersion of polymer gel particles. 

EDOT and its derivatives, substituted on the dioxane ring, are easily polymerized to charged, highly conductive PEDOTs by reaction with oxidants in the presence of sufficient charge-balancing counterions. 

A material such as polyacetylene becomes conductive upon doping, meaning in this context the oxidation or reduction of the n-system and incorporation of a charge-balancing counterion. Many similarities exist between doping and ionic chain growth polymerization, particularly with the initiation and termination steps. Consider the preparation of p-type (oxidized) polyacetylene, wherein the charge carriers are carbenium ions. Such a material... 

In the presence of acid the manganese dioxide reduces to soluble manganese(II) and simultaneously polymerizes the monomer EDOT to the conductive polymer PEDOT. The acid anions serve as charge-balancing counterions and get incorporated into the polymer. The chemical nature of the acid employed will influence the nucleation and the crystallization of the polymer. Morphology and achievable conductivity of the resulting polymer will therefore be critically influenced by the acid involved. ... 

The oxidative polymerization of EEXDT-CH2OH or its 4 1 mixture with ProDOT-OH is easily performed in aqueous solution with polystyrenesul-fonic acid as the charge balancing counterion due to the improved (about sevenfold) water solubility, compared to EEXDT. The product has similar conductivity as PEDOT PSS. 

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