Back general aspects

After the parenthesis on general aspects of reactions in solution, in this Section we shall go back to methods and evaluate the free energy hypersurface G(R) defined in eq.(7). Our analysis will consider each component of (j(R), eq.(7), separately, using the formalism of the PCM method developed in Pisa as reference. The combination of two or more terms in the same calculation will be examined at the appropriate places. 

It is veiy important to understand the general aspects of gas pressure, its measurements, and calibrations. Pressure is force exerted over imit area. The unit of pressure is pascal (Pa) which is equivalent to kg/(m.s ). In chemistry, we usually use a mercury-based barometer to measure the pressure. The unit is millimeter of mercury (mmHg). This is the same as the unit torr. Another unit commonly used to denote pressure is atmosphere (atm). You should be able to convert these units back and forth as required. 

For systems such as these, which consist of electron transfer quenching and back electron transfer, it is in general possible to determine the rates both of quenching and of the back reaction. In addition to these aspects of excited state chemistry, one can make another use of such systems. They can be used to synthesize other reactive molecules worthy of study in their own right. The quenching reaction produces new and likely reactive species. They are Ru(bpy)3+ and Ru(bpy)j in the respective cases just shown. One can have a prospective reagent for one of these ions in the solution and thereby develop a lengthy and informative series of kinetic data for the transient. 

The above conventional synthetic methods are based on the use of metal salts or carbonyls as complex-formers. At the same time, as far back as at the end of the nineteenth century [504], the possibility of use of compact elemental metals for obtaining complex compounds was shown. This circumstance served as a basis for development of the electrochemical [10,24,201,202,206,505-507], gas-phase [201,202,508-512], and liquid-phase [201,202,513] syntheses of metal complexes using zero-valent metals. All these syntheses are united as direct synthesis of metal complexes [201,202,513]. Much literature is devoted to this area, generalized in a series of reviews [505-507,510-513] and monographs [10,201,202,206,508]. In this respect, only principal aspects of the direct synthesis and the most recent achievements of its application for obtaining various types of coordination and organometallic compounds will be discussed in this section. 

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