B-violation

Fig. 2. (a) Periodic images surrounding the simulation box. Interactions are computed with respect to the nearest image which is indicated by the circle, (b) Violation of the minimum image convention resulting from the interaction of QM particle with point charge 1. 

Figure 6.21. Illustration of C58N2 that (a) satisfies the IPR and (b) violates the IPR with adjacent pentagons. The structure with adjacent pentagons, (b), is more stable than (a) by 12.5 kcal mol. Reproduced with permission from Ewels, C. P. Nano Lett. 2006, 6, 890. Copyright 2006 American Chemical Society.

Resonance hybrid B violates Bredt s rule. Thus, there is little delocalization of the nitrogen lone pair to the carbonyl moiety. 

Figure 7.21 shows the internal axial concentration profiles at the end of a switching interval for a system of linear isotherms and no competitive interaction of the two components. After switching all ports downstream in the direction of the liquid flow, the extract will be polluted with component B because the desorption front of B violates point 2 (Fig. 7.16). 

Lepton Family number (LF), Lepton number (L), or Baryon number (B) violating modes... 

TSCA 12(b) violations are assessed per chemical per country, either per year if the notification requirement is an annual one, or only for the first required export per country if the notification requirement is not an annual requirement. Except for the variable violation, 13 violations are assessed one violation per chemical per day, regardless of the number of shipments or the number of ports through which a chemical enters on the same day. In the Reporting Rule ERP, EPA gives several examples of how to determine the number of violations based on the number of shipments. For example, it explains that if the same chemical is imported on the same day to one or more ports in three separate shipments, there is one violation. If the same chemical is imported once a week over a period of five weeks, there are five separate violations, one for each day in which there was an import. If six different chemicals are imported in six separate shipments on the same day, six separate violations would be assessed, one for each chemical in a different shipment. However, if two or more chemicals are imported on the same day in only one shipment, then only one violation would be assessed. ... 

O Shea, T. and Smith R. B., Violating the laws of nature experiments in understanding physics by e q>loring alternate realities, (in progress)... 

Figure 23.6 Hit evaluation score card of selected hit series (a and b). Violations deviations from Lipinskis rule-of-five [33] LE ligand efficiency [34] LLE lipophilic ligand...

Both the Ag — X I,g and the b g —X Ig transitions are extremely weak. The selection rules, discussed in Section 7.2.3, show that both transitions violate the A5 = 0 and the g< I >g selection rules. In addition, the a-Xtransition violates the AA = 0, 1 selection rule and the b -X transition the - - — selection rule. Spin-orbit interaction breaks down... 

MeCabe s (1929a,b) AL law states that erystals of the same substanee growing under the same eonditions should grow at the same rate. Experimental evidenee has shown that this law is frequently violated. The growth rate of a erystal faee, for example, and the instantaneous veloeity of steps spreading aeross the surfaee of a erystal have been shown to fluetuate with time, even though external eonditions, e.g. temperature, supersaturation and hydrodynam-ies, remain eonstant. 

The worker knew that valve A had to be closed. However, it was believed by the workforce that despite the operating instructions, closing B had a similar effect to closing A and in fact produced less disruption to downstream production. Possible cause violation as a result of mistaken information and an informal company culture to concentrate on production rather than safety goals (wrong intention). 

The earliest hint that physics and information might be more than just casually related actually dates back at least as far as 1871 and the publication of James Clerk Maxwell s Theory of Heat, in which Maxwell introduced what has become known as the paradox of Maxwell s Demon. Maxwell postulated the existence of a hypothetical demon that positions himself by a hole separating two vessels, say A and B. While the vessels start out being at the same temperature, the demon selectively opens the hole only to either pass faster molecules from A to B or to pass slower molecules from B to A. Since this results in a systematic increase in B s temperature and a lowering of A s, it appears as though Maxwell s demon s actions violate the second law of thermodynamics the total entropy of any physical system can only increase, or, for totally reversible processes, remain the same it can never decrease. Maxwell was thus the first to recognize a connection between the thermodynamical properties of a gas (temperature, entropy, etc.) and the statistical properties of its constituent molecules. 

Coming back to the mechanism of dediazoniation, mechnism B in Scheme 9-2 is consistent with all experimental data known in 1973. Mechanism B was, indeed, mentioned in that paper (Zollinger, 1973 a) as an explanation, but not proposed as the explanation because it violated the common knowledge mentioned above. If that reverse reaction of the phenyl cation is faster than the forward reaction with water or metal halides, the rate is dependent on the concentrations of compounds involved only in the second step of the mechanism, even if that step is much faster than the first (forward) step. 

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