B Experimental Determination of

B. Experimental Determination of Detonation Velocity. Historical background for development of methods for exptl determination of deton velocities is already given in Vol 3 of this Encycl (Ref 75), pp C310-R and C311-L, under Chronographs and Other Devices Used for Measuring Detonation Velocities of Explosives. 

Matrozov V, Kachtunov S, Stepanov A, Treguhov B. Experimental determination of the molecular diffusion coefficient of ozone in water. Zh Prikl Khim 1976 49 1070-1073. 

Delfosse D., Kiinzi H.-U. and Ilschner B., "Experimental Determination of Residual Stresses in Materials with a One-Dimensional Gradient of Composition , Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 40, (1992), 2219-2224. 

Experimental Determination of Boiling-point. Unless only minute quantities of the liquid are available cj. p. 60), the boiling-point is usually determined by simple distillation. For this purpose, the apparatus shown in Fig. 2 is assembled. A distillation flask A of suitable size is fitted to a water-condenser B, the water supply of which is arranged as show-n. An adaptor C is sometimes fitted in turn to the condenser, so that the distillate... 

Kormer, S.B., Sinitsyn, M.V., Kirillov, G.A., and Urlin, V.D. (1965), Experimental Determination of Temperature in Shock-Compressed NaCl and KCl and of Their Melting Curves at Pressures up to 700 kbar, Soviet Phys. Uspekhi (Engl, transl.), 21, 689-700. 

For infinitely large chains a = 0 and h + c = R. Coefficients b and c can be separated, R value being determined in any experimental point. One can use the expression containing a greater number of terms in the expansion if required. Consequently the number of experimental determinations of coefficients will grow. 

FIGURE 7.11 The experimental determination of entropy, (a) The heat capacity at constant pressure in this instance) of the substance is determined from close to absolute zero up to the temperature of interest, (b) The area under the plot of CP/T against T is determined up to the temperature of interest. 

The contribution of the transition to the thermodynamic functions can be evaluated once the coefficients B and d have been determined. Experimental determination of the transition temperature and one additional thermodynamic quantity at one specific temperature is sufficient to describe the transition thermodynamically using this model. 

Figure 6.10 Experimental determinations of maximum surface density for (a) PdCI4/alumina. (From Santhanam, N., Conforti, T.A., Spieker, W.A., and Regalbuto, J.R., Catal. Tod. 21,1994,141). (b) PTA/silica. (From Schreier, M., and Regalbuto, J.R., J. Catal. 225, 2004, 190.)...

A second likely error source in the experimental determination of the appearance energy has also a kinetic origin. As shown in figure 4.4, recombination of the products A+ and B may involve an activation barrier (Etec). Therefore, even if Akin = 0, when Eiec is not negligible the measured appearance energy will be an upper limit of the true (thermodynamic) value. 

Sigmundsson K., Masson G., Rice R., Beauchemin N., and Obrink B. (2002), Determination of active concentrations and association and dissociation rate constants of interacting biomolecules an analytical solution to the theory for kinetic and mass transport limitations in biosensor technology and its experimental verification, Biochemistry 41, 8263-8276. 

Fig. 3 Relative dipole-bound anion formation rates in RET collisions between Rydberg Xe(nf) atoms with (a) adenine (circles) or imidazole (squares) molecules and (b) adenine-imidazole complex produced in a supersonic beam. Experimental data are fitted to curvecrossing model calculations which lead to the experimental determination of EAdS values, equal to 11 meV for adenine, 23 meV for imidazole and 54 meV for adenine-imidazole complex (reproduced by permission of the American Chemical Society).

Hackler R. T. and Wood B. J. (1989). Experimental determination of Fe and Mg exchange between garnet and olivine and estimation of Fe-Mg mixing properties in garnet. Amer. Mineral, 74 994-999. 

Mysen B. O. (1977b). Experimental determination of cesium, samarium and thulium partitioning between hydrous liquid, garnet peridotite minerals and pargasite. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Yb., 76 588-594. 

Rosen, B.W. (1972). A simple procedure for experimental determination of the longitudinal shear modulus of unidirectional composites. J. Composites Mater. 6, 552-554. 

Palmer MR, Slack JF (1989) Boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from massive sulfide deposits and tourmalinites, Contr Miner Petrol 103 434 51 Palmer MR, Swihart GH (1996) Boron isotope geochemistry an overview. Rev Miner 33 709-744 Palmer MR, Spivack AJ, Edmond JM (1987) Temperature and pH controls over isotopic fractionation during the absorption of boron on marine clays, Geochim Cosmochim Acta 51 2319-2323 Palmer MR, London D, Morgan GB, Babb HA (1992) Experimental determination of fractionation of B/ °B between tourmaline and aqueous vapor a temperature- and pressure-dependent isotopic system, Chem Geol 101 123-129... 

Experimental Determination of the Kinetics of Reaction. The ratio k2lki may be found by analyzing the products of reaction from an experiment, and locating the corresponding point on the appropriate design chart. The simplest way to do this is to use different ratios of B to A in a batch reactor, allowing the reaction to go to completion each time. For each run a value of 2/ 1 can be determined. 

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