Azeotropes table

The equihbrium shown in equation 3 normally ties far to the left. Usually the water formed is removed by azeotropic distillation with excess alcohol or a suitable azeotroping solvent such as benzene, toluene, or various petroleum distillate fractions. The procedure used depends on the specific ester desired. Preparation of methyl borate and ethyl borate is compHcated by the formation of low boiling azeotropes (Table 1) which are the lowest boiling constituents in these systems. Consequently, the ester—alcohol azeotrope must be prepared and then separated in another step. Some of the methods that have been used to separate methyl borate from the azeotrope are extraction with sulfuric acid and distillation of the enriched phase (18), treatment with calcium chloride or lithium chloride (19,20), washing with a hydrocarbon and distillation (21), fractional distillation at 709 kPa (7 atmospheres) (22), and addition of a third component that will form a low boiling methanol azeotrope (23). 

This index lists all compounds appearing in the azeotropic tables. Included are formula, name, standard boiling point, and numbers of the systems in which the compound appears as a component. The inorganic substances are indexed first. 

Any higher alcohols that may have formed in the process from traces of higher olefins present in the propylene feed are absorbed from the azeotrope into mineral oil, in which isopropanol is insoluble. Pure isopropanol is obtained by ternary distillation of the cleaned water azeotrope with the appropriate proportion of added di-isopropyl ether. The ternary azeotrope (Table 19.2) is the top product from the column, and pure isopropanol is removed from the bottom (see Section 16.4 for related information). 

In many cases there is no suitable entrainer that does not form a ternary azeotrope. Tables 72 and 7.3... 

Construct an approximate boiling-point-composition diagram for an acetone-chloroform system, which forms a maximum boiling azeotrope (Table 15.4). Describe the behavior on distillation of a mixture that is initially rich in acetone (90%), and then describe the behavior of a mixture that is initially rich in... 

Examples of azeotropic mixtures of minimum boiling point are collected in Table I, 4, A. 

Table I, 4, B. Azeotropic Mixtures op Maximum Boilino Point...

Table 5.11 Binary Azeotropic (Constant-Boiling) Mixtures 5.58...

Revised material in Section 5 includes an extensive tabulation of binary and ternary azeotropes comprising approximately 850 entries. Over 975 compounds have values listed for viscosity, dielectric constant, dipole moment, and surface tension. Whenever possible, data for viscosity and dielectric constant are provided at two temperatures to permit interpolation for intermediate temperatures and also to permit limited extrapolation of the data. The dipole moments are often listed for different physical states. Values for surface tension can be calculated over a range of temperatures from two constants that can be fitted into a linear equation. Also extensively revised and expanded are the properties of combustible mixtures in air. A table of triple points has been added. 

Properties of cyclohexane are given in Table 11, and a number of binary azeotropes that are formed with cyclohexane are Hsted in Table 12. 

Isoprene [78-79-5] (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) is a colorless, volatile Hquid that is soluble in most hydrocarbons but is practically insoluble in water. Isoprene forms binary azeotropes with water, methanol, methylamine, acetonitrile, methyl formate, bromoethane, ethyl alcohol, methyl sulfide, acetone, propylene oxide, ethyl formate, isopropyl nitrate, methyla1 (dimethoxymethane), ethyl ether, and / -pentane. Ternary azeotropes form with water—acetone, water—acetonitrile, and methyl formate—ethyl bromide (8). Typical properties of isoprene are Hsted in Table 1. 

Alkan olamines have high boiling points and under normal ambient conditions their vapor pressures are low. Only DMAMP (see Table 2) forms an azeotrope with water, which boils at 98.4°C and contains 25% by weight of DMAMP. According to current DOT regulations, AMP, AMP-95, DMAMP, DMAMP-80, AEPD, and AB are all classified as combustible Hquids. 

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