Avoidable costs, concept

Without underestimating any step in the process of the R D shuttle, demands on the first stages, prior to prenomination, make it increasingly important to get the concept right from the beginning and avoid costly late attrition. This depends largely on the skiU and creativity of medicinal and synthetic chemists. 

Furthermore, the price of this electricity is fixed by a body independent of the electric utilities, a state utility regulatory agency, which operates under federal guidelines. The concept of avoided cost is used as the basis for the utility power purchase rates. This is the rate that it costs the utility to generate the electricity itself. However, those rates will naturally be lower than the retail rate at which they sell power. 

The best measure of customer profitability is to ask the question What costs would I avoid and what revenues would I lose if I lost this customer This is the concept of avoidable costs and incremental revenue. Using this principle helps circumvent the problems that arise when fixed costs are allocated against individual customers. 

As in the above example in which the wine quality is a somewhat ill-defined concept subject to individual taste, many classification schemes are often heavily biased by the viewpoint of the researcher (and this can influence the performance). Unsupervised learning (e.g. Ritter et al., 1992) largely avoids this bias but at the cost of often less powerful methods and the missing interpretation of the arising classes, where often it is not obvious what these classes represent. 

In 2000, the industrial platform modular micro process engineering (pPVT) was founded with so far 45 research institutes, suppliers and industrial users [89], The target of this platform was to create a concept for the establishment of a uniform standard and a modular approach to process technology which should avoid the above-mentioned disadvantages and offer a cost-efficient solution. A manufacturer-spanning building set which consists of compatible micro process components had to be developed. 

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