Avena biosynthesis

Expressed sequence tag (EST) analysis of cDNAs from specific plant tissues has proved to be a valuable tool for the identification of genes for secondary metabolite biosynthesis.36 We have used this approach to identify two distinct sequences predicted to encode OSCs from cDNA libraries from roots of diploid oat (Avena strigosa).35 One of these sequences is highly homologous to cycloartenol... 

Previously, we determined that the only known mode of action that is selective for grasses/monocots is acetyl CoA carboxylase inhibition.6 This enzyme is the first of two enzymes involved in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis. This mode of action prevents the synthesis of many essential wax compounds. In order to screen our compounds for this mode of action, we used resistant oat (Avena sp.) seeds. The emodin analogues caused dose-dependent bleaching (Fig. 1.7) and a severe decrease in germination for both resistant and nonresistant grasses. 

Antifungal azoles, names, 270-27It Aphelenchus avenae. ecdysteroids, 214 Apis melllfera. effect of sterols on brood production, 183 Artemisia absinthium, sesquiterpene Inhibitor production, 104 Ascaris. sterol biosynthesis, 202-203 Ascarls suum, ecdysteroids, 214 Aspergillus nldulans, studies of sterol inhibitors, 276-277 Aspergillus nlger. studies of fatty acids, 222,223... 

Wise, M.L., Sreenath, H.K., Skadsen, R.W., and Kaeppler, H.F. 2009. Biosynthesis of avenanthramides in suspension cultures of oat (Avena sativa). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult., 97 81-90. 

There is extensive evidence that GA increases auxin levels either by enhancement of auxin biosynthesis (Jindal and Hemberg 1976, Sastry and Muir 1965) or by retardation of auxin destruction (Kogl and Elema 1960). Nevertheless, there is convincing evidence that GA can also stimulate elongation independently of auxin (Kazama and Katsumi 1974, Cleland et al. 1968, Kaufman et al. 1969). In excised Avena stem internodes, for example, GA stimulates cell elongation, while auxin is inhibitory (Kaufman et al. 1969). Similarly, stimulation of lettuce hypocotyl elongation has been used as a bioassay for GA, while... 

Textor S, Bartram S, Kroymann J, Falk KL, Hick A, Pickett JA, Jonathan Gershenzon J (2004) Biosynthesis ofmethionine-derived glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana recombinant expression and characterization of mefliylthioalkylmalate synthase, the condensing enzyme of the chain-elongation cycle. Planta 218 1026-1035 Thaler J S (1999) Jasmonate-inducible plant defences cause increased parasitism of herbivores. Nature 399 686-688 Thackaray DJ, Wratten SD, Edwards PJ, Niemeyer HM (1990) Resistance to the aphids Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi in Gramineae in relation to hydroxamic acid levels. Ann Appl Biol 116 573-582... 

Lichtenthaler H.K., Kobek K. and Ishii K., 1987. Inhibiton by sethoxydim of pigment accumulation and fatty acid biosynthesis in chloroplasts of Avena seedlings. Z. Naturforsch. 42c, 1275-1279. 

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) is the enzyme target site of the sulfonyl-ureas. In common with the imidazolinone aryl carboxylates, these herbicides inhibit valine and isoleucine biosynthesis. The imidazolinones are exemplified by Assert (8), which consists of a mixture of m- and p-isomers. The selectivity of ALS inhibitors invariably can be accounted for by differential metabolism or uptake or related phenomena rather than by any significant inherent difference in the properties of the ALS enzymes of crop and weed species. Assert is another example of a herbicide activated in plants by deesterification to the phytotoxic acid, and susceptible species such as Avena fatua (wild oat) are unable to metabolize the molecule further. Facile ring-methyl hydroxylation to the m- and p-benzyl alcohols, however, followed by glycosylation confers tolerance to maize and wheat." ... 

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