Authorized explosives

Corresponding explosives are known in Belgium as explosifs SCP (securite-grisou-poussiere), and in the USA as permissible explosives. In Great Britain they are called permitted explosives, and are to be distinguished from authorized explosives which... 

The Explosive and Man limits should be prominently displayed at the entrance of the magazine. Each magazine should have a Bin Card indicating the nature of explosives and their quantities that are stored. The authorized Explosive and Man limits should never he exceeded. 

The Brit term "Authorized Explosives refers to expls which conform to certain conditions with respect to "safety in handling or transport . The Ital term for safety expls, "Explosivi di sicurezza and Spanish "Explosivos de seguridad are also used to mean expls safe against firedamp. The Rus term "Bezopasnyiye VV , means safety expls... 

If undiluted diacetylene is required, the experiment can be carried out in the same way, but preferably on a smaller scale. 3 Traps should then be used and the stream of nitrogen should be slower. The boiling point of diacetylene is said to be about 10°C. The solutions of diacetylene probably can be stored (under nitrogen in the refrigerator) for at least 24 h without decomposition. Though explosions have never been experienced by the authors, it is advisable to handle diacetylene with the necessary respect. 

Graining, flaking, and spraying have all been used to make soHd ammonium nitrate particles. Most plants have adopted various prilling or granulation processes. Crystallized ammonium nitrate has been produced occasionally in small quantities for use in specialty explosives. The Tennessee Valley Authority developed and operated a vacuum crystallization process (25), but the comparatively small crystals were not well received as a fertilizer. 

Tables 16 and 17 Hst tke analytical test methods for different properties of interest. The Manufacturing Chemists Association, Inc. (MCA) has pubUshed the Chemical Safety Data Sheet SD 63, which describes in detail procedures for safe handling of use of toluene (46). The Interstate Commerce Commission classifies toluene as a flammable Hquid. Accordingly, it must be packaged in authorized containers, and shipping must comply with ICC regulations. Properties related to safe handling are autoignition temperature, 536°C explosive limits, 1.27—7.0 vol % in air and flash point 4.4°C, closed cup.

Require that explosives shall not be transported unless they have been classified by the classifying authority (i.e. the HSE, and the MOD for military explosives, in the UK) (except for journeys made specifically for classification and then only under certain conditions). 

The author s work has included the development of the Sandia Bear and Bertha explosive recovery fixtures, that provide a standardized set of fixtures in which recovery experiments can be routinely carried out at peak shock pressures from 4 to 500 GPa. Shock-induced, mean-bulk temperatures from 50 to 1200°C are achieved with variation in the density of the powder compacts under study. 

Concentration levels where alarm and corrective action. should occur vary. If no levels are specified by the authority having jurisdiction, most recommend alarming (and/or actuating ventilation equipment) if combustible gas concentrations of 20 percent LEL (lower explosive limii ) or more are detected. Equipment shutdowns, the disconnecting of dccirical power, production shut-in, or other corrective actions usually are recommended if 60 percent LEL concentrations of combustible gas are detect... 

Methods for vapor cloud explosion blast prediction based on TNT equivalency are widely used. Over the years, many authors, companies, and authorities have developed their own procedures and recommendations with respect to issues surrounding such predictions. Some of the differences in these procedures include the following ... 

Mackenzie, J., and D. Martin. 1982. GASEXl—A general one-dimensional code for gas cloud explosions. UK Atomic Energy Authority, Safety and Reliability Directorate, Report No. SRD R251. 

Conventional TNT-equivalency methods state a proportional relationship between the total quantity of flammable material released or present in the cloud (whether or not mixed within flammability limits) and an equivalent weight of TNT expressing the cloud s explosive power. The value of the proportionality factor—called TNT equivalency, yield factor, or efficiency factor—is directly deduced from damage patterns observed in a large number of major vapor cloud explosion incidents. Over the years, many authorities and companies have developed their own practices for estimating the quantity of flammable material in a cloud, as well as for prescribing values for equivalency, or yield factor. Hence, a survey of the literature reveals a variety of methods. 

The work on gas explosions at SiT-Tel-Tek is financially supported by Shell Research Ltd. The authors are grateful to Dr. R. A. Mancini, Amoco Corporation, for making this paper possible. 

The task of preparing the text, examples, tables, and figures of the book was entrusted to TNG Prins Maurits Laboratory, Rijswijk, the Netherlands. The principal authors were all members of the Explosion Prevention Department of the Laboratory ... 

The authors and the subcommittee were well served during this transnational effort by Dr. Hans J. Pasman, then Director, Technological Research, and Mr. Gerald Opschoor, Head, Explosion Prevention Department, TNG PML. Likewise, Mr. Thomas W. Carmody, then Director, CCPS, supported this important work. William J. Minges provided CCPS staff help. 

U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. (1985). Eireamis and Explosives Tracing. Washington, DC Author. 

This volume represents a continuing effort to cover comprehensively the unclassified information on explosives and related subjects in the same manner and format as in previous volumes. The reader is urged to obtain the previous volumes and to read both the PREFACE and INTRODUCTION in Volume 1 in order to understand the authors way of presenting the subject matter... 

It will be noted that a change in editors has taken place since the publication of Volume 7 in 1975, this change being the first since the inception of the Encyclopedia program in 1958. It was necessitated by the death of Dr Basil T. Fedoroff in December 1976 (see obituary which follows), and the retirement of Mr Oliver E. Sheffield in October 1975 after some 34 years of Federal service, with incumbency atPicatinny Arsenal since January 1943. He authored or co-authored over 40 Picatinny Arsenal Technical Reports and AMC Manuals on explosives, pyrotechnics and propellants. Sheffield is best known as co-editor of this Encyclopedia, with which he was associated since 1958... 

Effect in Vol 4, D442-R to D454-L). This discovery, at a somewhat later date in Germany than in the USA (1910 for Neumann vs 1888 for Munroe), has been shown to be independent of the work of Munroe. Engineer, inventor, author, lecturer and well-known authority on explosives, his work, both basic applied, covered many phases of the armament industry Refs 1) E.G. Neumann, GerP AmmW 36269 (1910) 2) E.G. Neumann, BritP 28030 (1911)... 

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