Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder evaluation

American academy of pediatrics (2000), Clinical practice guideline diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder , Pediatrics, 105(5), 1158-70. 

Tennant FS, Tarver AL, Rawason RA (1983) Clinical evaluation of mecamylamine for withdrawal from nicotine dependence. In Harris LS (ed) Problems of drug dependence, NIDA Research Monograph 49. USDHHS publication no, 84-1316, pp 239-246 Tercyak KP, Herman C, Audrain J (2002) Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms with levels of cigarette smoking in a community sample of adolescents, J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41 799-805... 

Barkley, R., McMurray, M., Edelbroch, C., and Robbins, K. (1990) Side effects of MPH in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a systematic placebo-controlled evaluation. Pediatrics 86 184-192. 

Hinshaw, S.P. and Melnick, S. (1992). Self-management therapies and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Reinforced self-evaluation and anger control interventions. Behav Modif 16 255-273. 

Luh, J., Pliszka, S., Olvers, R., and Tatum, R. (1996) An open trial of venlafaxine in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a pilot study. In New Clinical Drug Evaluation Unit Program 36th Annual Meeting Program Boca Raton, FL NIMH. 

The utility of this model was further evaluated by establishing the procognitive effects of established attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) agents in the juvenile rat pups.82-83 Methylphenidate (Ritalin ) was tested in the juvenile pup model to assess its effects on acquisition in the PAR. Methylphenidate (3 mg/kg, ip) was chosen as an intermediate dose, which in adult rats provided dear evidence of psychostimulant activity. Pretreatment (20 min) of the pups with methylphenidate produced a significant, improvement in the acquisition of the PAR (Fig. 6). 

The administration of ginseng has also been studied in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Lyon et al., conducted a pilot study (n = 36) evaluating the effects of a combination product containing ginseng and ginkgo for the treatment of ADHD (44). The investigators reported improvement in 31-67% of the subjects depending on the outcome measure however, no placebo control was included, so it is difficult to ascertain if the effect was caused by the treatment or a placebo effect. 

American Academy of Pediatrics 2000. Clinical practice guideline Diagnosis and evaluation of the child with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics 105 1158-1170 American Psychiatric Association 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders DSM-IV. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC Arnsten A. F. T. 1998. Catecholamine modulation of prefrontal cortical cognitive function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2 436-447... 

Comparative trials Non-stimulant medications are being evaluated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents as alternatives to stimulants. In these studies reduced appetite and restlessness were more common with methylphenidate than with amantadine [54 ], and headache and insomnia were more common with methylphenidate than with venlafaxine [55 ]. Nevertheless, these studies do not constitute proof of efficacy. 

Barkley, R. A., DuPaul, G. J., McMurray, M. B. (1990). A comprehensive evaluation of attention deficit disorder with and without hyperactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 775—789. 

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