Atrazine microbial degradation

Goswami, K.P. and Green, R.E. Microbial degradation of the herbicide atrazine and its 2-hydroxy analog in submerged soils. 

Figure 22.1 Possible microbial degradation pathways of simazine, atrazine, and propazine (Cook et al., 1985).a...

Blumhorst, M.R. and J.B. Weber (1994). Chemical versus microbial degradation of cyanazine and atrazine in soils. Pestic. Sci., 42 79-84. 

Figure 11. Intermediates identified in the microbial degradation of atrazine a, in Aspergillus fumigatus Fres. [176] b, in Nocardia sp. [180] c, in Pseudomonas sp. [182]. I, 2-chloro-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-S-triazine II, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-amino-S-triazine III, 4-amino-2-chloro-S-triasine IV, 2-hydro3y-4-amino-6-isopropylamino-S-triazine V, 2-hydroxy-4-ethylamino-6-amino-S-triazine VI, 2-hydroxy-4,6-diamino-S-triazine.

Goswami, K.P. and R.E. Green. Microbial Degradation of the Herbicide Atrazine and Its 2-Hydroxy Analog in Submerged Soils, Environ. Sci. TechnoL, 5(5) 426-429 (1971). 

Microbial Degradation of Atrazine in Soils, Sediments, and Surface Water... 

Skipper HD, Gilmour CM, Furtick WR (1967) Microbial versus chemical degradation of atrazine in soils. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 31 653-656 Sliwinski MK, Goodman RM (2004) Comparison of cienarchaeal consortia inhabiting the rhizosphere of diverse terrestrial plants with those in bulk soil in native environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 70 1821-1826 Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1996). Aquatic chemistry - chemical equlibrium and rates in Natural Waters (3rd edn). Wiley, New York Vega D, Bastide J (2003) Dimethylphthalate hydrolysis by specific microbial esterase. Chemosphere 51 663-668... 

Li and Felbeck (1972) reported that the half-lives for atrazine at 25 °C and pH 4 with and without fulvic acid (2%) were 1.73 and 244 d, respectively. The hydrolysis half-lives in a 5 mg/L fulvic acid solution and 25 °C at pH values of 2.9, 4.5, 6.0, and 7.0 were 34.8, 174, 398, and 742 d, respectively. The only product identified was 2-(ethylamino)-4-hydroxy-6-isopropylamino-5-triazine (Khan, 1978). The primary degradative pathway appears to be chemical (i.e., hydrolysis) rather than microbial (Armstrong et al., 1967 Best and Weber, 1974 Gormley and Spalding, 1979 Geller, 1980 Lowder and Weber, 1982 Skipper et al, 1967). 

A facultative anaerobic bacterium isolated from a stream sediment utilized atrazine as a carbon and nutrient source. Microbial growth was observed but no degradation products were isolated. At 30 °C, the half-life was estimated to be 7 d (Jessee et ah, 1983). 

Skipper, H.D., Gilmour, C.M., and Furtick, W.R. Microbial versus chemical degradation of atrazine in soils, Soil Sci Soc. Am. Proa, 31 653-656, 1967. 

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