Adenosine Triphosphate ATP

ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate CMRglc cerebral metabolic rate for glucose... 

Fig. 17.9 Model of the mechanism of Fe " oxidation by Thioba-cillusferrooxidans. PL-Fe phospholipid bound Fe x enzyme (unidentified) Ru rusticyane, a Cu-containing protein cyt c c-type cytochrome cyt ox cytochrome oxidase complex ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate (Ghiorse Ehrlich, 1992 with permission).

Fig. 1. Energy metabolism in the normal myocardium (ATP adenosine-5 -triphosphate, ADP adenosine-5 -diphosphate, P phosphate, PDH pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, acetyl-CoA acetyl-coenzyme A, NADH and NAD" nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced and oxidized), FADH2 and FAD flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced and oxidized).

ATP (Adenosine 5 -triphosphate) plays a critical role in all living beings as an energy source for various enzyme activities and as a direct precursor in RNA synthesis. ATP is rapidly regenerated mainly by the glycolytic pathway and oxidative phosphorylation. A conventional luciferin-luciferase method was established a, 2), and many investigators have been using it to measure static ATP concentration (3). However it has been difficult to measure cellular ATP synthetic activity (4). Recendy, we developed... 

Figure 1. Nucleotide degradation pathway (ATP=adenosine-5 -triphosphate, ADP=adenosine-5 -diphosphate, AMP=adenosine-5 -monophosphate, IMP=inosine-5 -monophosphate).

Abbreviations ATP, adenosine-5 -triphosphate EPR, electron paramagnetic resL nance EXAFS, extended X-ray absorption 6ne structure Hb, hemoglobin Hb, oxidized (met-) hemoglobin NADH, reduced form of nicotinamide-adenosine dinucleotide PMS, phenazine methosulfate (methylsulfate salt of N-methylphenazonium cation) TMPD, N.N.N N -tetramethylphenylene-1,4 diaminium dication SDS-PAOE, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 

ATP, adenosine 5 -triphosphate BH4, 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin BMPO, 5- er -butoxycarbonyl-5-pyrroline A-oxide DBNBS, 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosoben-zene sulfonate DEPMPO, 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-l-pyrroline A-ox-ide DMPO, 5,5-dimethyl- 1-pyrroline A-oxide EMPO, 5-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methyl-l-pyrroline A-oxide GSH, glutathione (y-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine) HRP, horseradish peroxidase MNP, 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane MPO, myeloperoxidase NAD(P)H, fl-nicotinamine adenine dinucleotide (3 -phosphate), reduced from NMDA, A-methyl-D-aspartic acid PBN, N-tert-butyl-a-phenylnitrone PMN, polymorphonuclear lymphocyte POBN, a-(4-pyridyl-l-oxide)-A-fer -butylnitrone SOD, superoxide dismutase TEMP,... 

FIGURE 2.10 A general approach for site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins in vivo. NOTE AMP = adenosine 5 monophosphates ATP = adenosine 5 -triphosphate PP = pyrophosphate. 

ASPPR, aspartate protease ATP, adenosine 5 -triphosphate 5 -ATP, adenosine 5 -triphosphate ATP-K+ CH, ATP-sensitive K+ channel ATP-R, ATP receptor autophos n, autophosphorylation... 

The Cr and Co complexes of ATP (adenosine 5 -triphosphate) have been shown to be very good analogues for MgATP. The hydrolysis and decomposition of these complexes have now been studied in some detail. The breakdown of the tridentate [Co(NH3)3ATP] is rapid, producing high levels of free ATP and lesser amounts of ADP. Rate constants for hydrolysis are 100-5000 times greater than those for uncomplexed ATP. 

Fig. 6.2.1. Regulation of assimilatory sulfate metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (Cherest et al., 1969 Siegel, 1975 de Vito and Dreyfuss, 1964). Abbreviations as follows ADP adenosine 5 -diphosphate AMP adenosine 5 -phosphate (adenylic acid) APS adenylyl sulphate ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate NADP, NADPH nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (oxidised and reduced) PAP adenosine 3, 5 -diphos-phate PAPS 3 -phosphoadenylyl sulphate Pj orthophosphate ion PPj pyrophosphate ion.

Scheme L Synthesis of a2,64inked sialyl-N-acetyllactosamine using a one-pot multi-enzyme system with in situ regeneration of CMP-Neu5Ac. Abbreviations for enzymes CSS, CMP-sialic acid synthetase NMK, nucleoside monophosphate kinase PK, pyruvate kinase PPase, pyrophosphatase. Abbreviations for compounds PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate ADP, adenosine 5 -diphosphate ATP, adenosine 5 -triphosphate CMP, cytidine 5-monophosphate CDP, cytidine 5 -diphosphate CTP, cytidine 5-triphosphate LacNAc, N-acetyllactosamine NeuSAc, N-acetylneuraminic acid PPi, inorganic pyrophosphate.

Fig. 4.2. The oxidation mechanisms of lactate by sulfate in the sulfate-reducing bacteria of Desulfovibrio genus. Circled numbers 1, lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) 2, pyruvate-ferredoxin 2-oxidoreductase (CoA-acetylating) 3, phosphate acetyltransferase 4, acetate kinase 5, sulfate adenylyltransferase 6, adenylylsulfate reductase 7, sulfite reductase 8, adenylate kinase. ATP adenosine 5 -triphosphate is also biosynthesized by the catalysis of ATP synthase using the energy liberated by the electron transfer around this part...

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