Atoms symbols for

Write the atomic symbol for the element whose ion has a — 2 charge, has 20 more neutrons than electrons, and has a mass number of 126. 

C02-0091. Each of the elements from chlorine to scandium has a nucleus with A = 40. Write correct atomic symbols for all these nuclei. 

C02-0092. Except for beiyllium, each of the elements with Z values from 1 to 8 has a stable isotope with the same number of protons as neutrons. Write the correct atomic symbols for each of these isotopes. 

As you can see from the periodic table, each element is designated by its atomic symbol, which comes from the letters of the elements name. For example, the atomic symbol for carbon is C and that for chlorine is Cl. In many cases,... 

Chemical formula A notation used to indicate the composition of a compound, consisting of the atomic symbols for the different elements of the compound and numerical subscripts indicating the ratio in which the atoms combine. 

Information about an element s protons and neutrons is often summarized using the chemical notation shown in Figure 2.3. The letter X represents the atomic symbol for an element. (The atomic symbol is also called the element symbol.) Each element has a different atomic symbol. All chemists, throughout the world, use the same atomic symbols. Over the coming months, you will probably learn to recognize many of these symbols instantly. Appendix G, at the back of this book, lists the elements in alphabetical order, along with their symbols. You can also find the elements and their symbols in the periodic table on the inside back cover of this textbook, and in Appendix C. (You will review and extend your understanding of the periodic table, in section 2.2.)... 

Bonds are specified using hyphens (-) for single bonds, equals signs (=) for double bonds, hash marks ( ) for triple bonds, and colons ( ) for aromatic bonds. Single bonds may be omitted and are implied between two following atom symbols. For example, both C-C=C and CC=C represent propene. 

Aromatic bonds are given explicitly using a colon ( ) it is not possible to use a lowercase letter for an atom symbol for specification of aromatic bonds. 

The formate ion, CH02, forms ionic compounds with many metal ions. Assume that 9.7416 g M(CH02)2 (where M represents the atomic symbol for a particular metal) is dissolved in water. When a solution of 0.200 M sodium sulfate is added, a white precipitate forms. The sodium sulfate solution is added until no more precipitate forms then a few milliliters are added in excess. The precipitate is filtered, dried, and weighed. It has a mass of 9.9392 g. The filtrate is saved for further use. 

Calculate the numbers of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of fluorine. The atomic symbol for the fluorine atom is F. ... 

To draw Lewis structures, we first write the chemical symbol of the atom this symbol represents the nucleus and all of the lower energy nonvalence electrons. The valence electrons are indicated by dots arranged around the atomic symbol. For example ... 

Berzelius then extended his development to represent compounds, for example, copper oxide was identified as CuO and zinc sulfide as ZnS. And, conforming to Proust s law and Dalton s theory, Berzelius added algebraic exponents (later to become subscripts) to his system of atomic symbols— for example, water was denoted as H2O and carbon dioxide as CO2. 

Write the atomic symbol for each of the isotopes described below. 

Though the common isotope of aluminum has a mass number of 27, isotopes of aluminum have been isolated (or prepared in nuclear reactors) with mass numbers of 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, and 30. How many neutrons are present in each of these isotopes Why are they all considered aluminum atoms, even though they differ greatly in mass Write the atomic symbol for each isotope. 

The arrangement of elements in order of increasing atomic number, with elements having similar properties placed in vertical columns, is known as the periodic table (T figure 2.15). The table shows the atomic number and atomic symbol for each element, and the atomic weight is often given as well, as in this typical entry for potassium ... 

Galhum (Ga) consists of two naturally occurring isotopes with masses of68.926 and 70.925 amu. (a) How many protons and neutrons are in the nucleus of each isotope Write the complete atomic symbol for each, showing the atomic number and mass number, (b) The average atomic mass of Ga is 69.72 amu. Calculate the abundance of each isotope. 

Here E represents the atomic symbol for the element in question, the superscript A is the mass number, and the subscript Z is the atomic number. The symbol for carbon-12, for example, is C. 

We write symbols for ions analogously to those for atoms, adding the charge on the species as a superscript to the right of the atomic symbol. For monatomic ions, the number of protons still specifies the element whose symbol we use. Table 2.2 provides some examples of monatomic ions. Notice that the monatomic anions have names ending in -ide, whereas cations simply have ion added to the name of the element. 

The number of each atom in the compound is indicated by a subscript to the right of the atomic symbol. For example, tbe chemical formula of ethylene, C2H4, tells us that each molecule contains two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms. 

Write the complete atomic symbol for each of the following isotopes (a) carbon-13, (b) phosphorus-31, (c) sodium-23, (d) boron-10... 

For each process, write the nuclide symbols for the reactant species and for the particle that is captured (as a reactant) or that is emitted (as a product). Then use mass balance and charge balance to write the super- and subscripts for the product nuclide. Determine the atomic symbol for the product nuclide from its atomic number (the subscript). 

TABLE 5.1 Approximate covalent bond lengths for H, C, N, and O (A). The number of atoms connected to each C, N, and O atom is indicated by the number following the atomic symbol for example, C4C4 designates the bond between two carbon atoms, both of which are bound to four atoms, an example being the CC bond in CH3CH3. 

To distinguish between the different isotopes of an element, we write an atomic symbol for a particular isotope with its mass number in the upper left comer aud its atomic number in the lower left comer. 

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