Atoms Bose-Einstein condensate

Timmermans, E., Tommasini, R, Hussein, M., and Kerman, A., Eeshbach resonances in atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, Phys. Rep., 315, 199-230,1999. 

Naidon, P. and Masnou-Seeuws, F., Photoassociation and optical Feshbach resonances in an atomic Bose-Einstein condensate Treatment of correlation effects, Phys. Rev. A,... 

For an introduction to research in alkali-atom Bose-Einstein condensation see the special issue on Bose-Einstein condensation in the Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology 101(4), July-August 1996. 

The Chu experiment produced quasibound molecules from Raman-cooled Cs atoms, but other experiments have been able to form cold molecules directly from atomic Bose-Einstein condensates. The Ketterle group at MIT accomplished Na2 formation from a Na BEC with an... 

Recent research (1995-) has produced at very low temperatures (nanokelvins) a Bose-Einstein condensation of magnetically trapped alkali metal atoms. Measurements [41] of the fraction of molecules in the ground... 

Liquid Helium-4. Quantum mechanics defines two fundamentally different types of particles bosons, which have no unpaired quantum spins, and fermions, which do have unpaired spins. Bosons are governed by Bose-Einstein statistics which, at sufficiently low temperatures, allow the particles to coUect into a low energy quantum level, the so-called Bose-Einstein condensation. Fermions, which include electrons, protons, and neutrons, are governed by Fermi-DHac statistics which forbid any two particles to occupy exactly the same quantum state and thus forbid any analogue of Bose-Einstein condensation. Atoms may be thought of as assembHes of fermions only, but can behave as either fermions or bosons. If the total number of electrons, protons, and neutrons is odd, the atom is a fermion if it is even, the atom is a boson. 

Proceedings Bose-Einstein Condensates and Atom Lasers... 

A newly discovered, highly organized state of matter in which clusters of 20-30 component atoms are magnetically contained and adiabatically cooled to within 2-3 X 10 K of absolute zero. At this point, the motions of the contained atoms are overcome by very weak cohesive forces of the Bose-Einstein condensate. While of no apparent relevance to biochemical kinetics, the Bose-Einstein condensate represents one of the most perfect forms of self-assembly, inasmuch as aU atoms within the condensate share identical Schrodinger wave equations. 

The previous chapter dealt with chemical bonding and the forces present between the atoms in molecules. Forces between atoms within a molecule are termed intramolecular forces and are responsible for chemical bonding. The interaction of valence electrons between atoms creates intramolecular forces, and this interaction dictates the chemical behavior of substances. Forces also exist between the molecules themselves, and these are collectively referred to as intermolecular forces. Intermolecular forces are mainly responsible for the physical characteristics of substances. One of the most obvious physical characteristics related to intermolecular force is the phase or physical state of matter. Solid, liquid, and gas are the three common states of matter. In addition to these three, two other states of matter exist—plasma and Bose-Einstein condensate. 

Bose-Einstein Condensate phase of matter that is created just above absolute zero when atoms lose their individual identity Boyle s Law law that states volume of a gas is inversely related to its pressure Breeder Reactor type of nuclear reactor that creates or breeds fissionable plutonium from nonfissionable U-238 Buckministerfullerene Cg, allotrope of carbon consisting of spherical arrangement of carbon, named after architect Buckmin-ister Fuller, Invertor of geodesic dome Buffer a solution that resists a change in pH... 

D. Kushibe, M. Mutou, T. Morishita, S. Watanabe, M. Matsuzawa, Aspects of hyperspherical adiabaticity in an atomic-gas Bose-Einstein condensate, Phys. Rev. A 70 (2004) 063617. 

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) A super-cold, super-slow moving clump of atoms considered a unique state of matter by some scientists. 

Bose-Einstein condensate A state of matter, different from a solid, liquid or gas, formed when individual atoms cooled to temperatures close to absolute zero behave as a single large superatom. ... 

D. Ciampini, M. Anderlini, J.H. Muller, F. Fuso, O. Morsch, J.W. Thompson, E. Aroimondo, Photoionisation of ultracold and Bose-Einstein condensed Rb atoms, Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002) 043409. 

After years of pioneering efforts atomic hydrogen has now been successfully cooled to a sufficiently low temperature for Bose-Einstein Condensation (BEC) and high precision spectroscopy. 

Abstract. Scientific interest in ultracold hydrogen arises from its properties as a Bose-Einstein condensate, its unique roles as a testing ground for atomic theory and a target for ultra high resolution spectroscopy. We describe major developments since the last hydrogen meeting. 

The temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation varies with density as n20. Because density is limited by three-body recombination, the search for the transition leads naturally to lower temperatures. Unfortunately, at temperatures below 0.1 K, adsorption rapidly becomes prohibitive. To avoid this problem, Hess [4] suggested confinirig the atoms in a magnetic trap without any surfaces. The states confined are the "low-field seeking" states, (HT, electron spin "up"). These are the hyperfine states (F-l,m-l) and (F=l,m=0). 

When Thomas Greytak and Daniel Kleppner atMTT started out 22 years ago to form a Bose-Einstein condensate by cooling and compressing a gas of hydrogen atoms, they did not realize just how arduous the journey would be. 

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