Flashing injection atomization

The main detectors used in AES today are photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), photodiode arrays (PDAs), charge-coupled devices (CCDs), and vidicons, image dissectors, and charge-injection detectors (CIDs). An innovative CCD detector for AES has been described [147]. New developments are the array detector AES. With modem multichannel echelle spectral analysers it is possible to analyse any luminous event (flash, spark, laser-induced plasma, discharge) instantly. Considering the complexity of emission spectra, the importance of spectral resolution cannot be overemphasised. Table 8.25 shows some typical spectral emission lines of some common elements. Atomic plasma emission sources can act as chromatographic detectors, e.g. GC-AED (see Chapter 4). 

In flashing liquidjet orflashing injection atomization f181 a high-pressure liquid with dissolved gas flashes, shattering the liquid into small droplets in a fairly regular spray pattern. Flashing even... 

Gas bubbles are relevant to various aspects of the atomization and sprays. In flashing process or flash atomization, bubbles are formed inside the liquid which significantly alter the atomization process (see Chap. 10). Also in effervescent atomizers, high-pressure air is injected inside a liquid and disperses as small bubbles. In addition, bubbles are formed in cavitating nozzles, which significantly alter the atomization process. Gas bubbles go through volume oscillations in addition to shape oscillation discussed in the previous section. In this section, dynamic evolution and stability of a spherical bubble undergoing volume oscillation is discussed. 

Pyrolysis is carried out either outside or inside the identification instrument. In the outside mode, the thermal degradation is carried out by a pyroprobe connected to the injection port of a GC using a selected technique - time-programmed or flash pyrolysis. GC-separated individual pyrolysates can be identified with different equipment connected to the GC, e.g., Py-GC-MS, Py-GC-FTIR or Py-GC-AED (atomic emission detector). Advances in Py-GC and the different configurations can be summarised as follows ... 

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