Atomic of organic compounds

When such processes involve the carbon atoms of organic compounds, carbonium ions or carbanions are formed. 

Nitrogen atoms of organic compounds form relatively strong hydrogen bond with OH group of a host compound and amines, amine X-oxides, oximes, and esters of amino acids can be resolved efficiently by complexation with a chiral host. Optical resolutions of these compounds are described. 

Kekule s increasing concern with the "atomicity" of organic compounds led him inexorably toward exploring atomicity (in modern terms, valence) in radicals, then in elements. By the summer of 1857 he was ready to take the final steps. 

Infrared spectroscopy, as with all forms of spectroscopy, depends on the interaction of molecules or atoms with electromagnetic radiation. Infrared radiation causes atoms and groups of atoms of organic compounds to vibrate with increased amplitude about the... 

The atoms of organic compounds are arranged as either open chains (acyclic or aliphatic) or closed ring systems (cyclic). Each corner or kink in the ring (or chain) indicates a CH2 group, although these are usually abbreviated to C or omitted. Each line represents a bond. 

The fluids contained within petroleum accumulations are mixtures of organic compounds, which are mostly hydrocarbons (molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms), but may also include sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen and metal compounds. This section will concentrate on the hydrocarbons, but will explain the significance of the other compounds in the processing of the fluids. 

Low-valent nitrogen and phosphorus compounds are used to remove hetero atoms from organic compounds. Important examples are the Wolff-Kishner type reduction of ketones to hydrocarbons (R.L. Augustine, 1968 D. Todd, 1948 R.O. Hutchins, 1973B) and Barton s olefin synthesis (p. 35) both using hydrazine derivatives. 

Molecular formulas of organic compounds are customarily presented in the fashion C2H5Br02 The number of carbon and hydrogen atoms are presented first followed by the other atoms in alphabetical order Give the molecular formulas corresponding to each of the compounds in the preceding problem Are any of them isomers ... 

It is recommended that the convention used by Budzikiewicz, Djerassi, and Williams (Mass Spectrometry of Organic Compounds, Holden-Day, 1967, p. 2) be followed in referring to a-cleavage as fission of a bond originating at an atom which is adjacent to the one assumed to bear the charge the definition of p-, y-, then follows automatically. The process ... 

Displacement of activated chlorine atoms also proceeds with certain types of organic compounds, but only in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts. Particular examples include epoxides, polyhydric alcohols, trialkylphosphites (12), and P-aminocrotonates (13). These additives are commonly used in conjunction with metallic stabilizers to provide complete, high performance, commercial stabilizer packages. 

Many completely conjugated hydrocarbons can be built up from the annulenes and related structural fragments. Scheme 9.2 gives the structures, names, and stabilization energies of a variety of such hydrocarbons. Derivatives of these hydrocarbons having heteroatoms in place of one or more carbon atoms constitute another important class of organic compounds. 

Covalent — refers to a chemical bond in which there is an equal/even sharing of bonding electron pairs between atoms. This is typical of the bonding between carbon atoms and between carbon and hydrogen atoms in organic compounds. 

There are numerous families of organic compounds, with structures analogous to hydrocarbons, that contain other atoms (e.g., O, N, S, Cl) besides C and H. Classification is done in accordance with the structural theory on the basis of functional groups present. The atom or atomic grouping that characterizes a particular family and also determines the properties of its members is called a Junctional group. Table 2-42 contains a selected list of common functional groups and examples of... 

The same kind of orbital hybridization that accounts for the methane structure also accounts for the bonding together of carbon atoms into chains and rings to make possible many millions of organic compounds. Ethane, C2H6, is the simplest molecule containing a carbon-carbon bond. 

The hydrocarbons are the basic framework for all organic compounds. Different classes of organic compounds have one or more of the hydrogen atoms replaced by other atoms or groups of atoms. All we need to be aware of at this stage are the three classes of compounds known as alcohols, carboxylic acids, and haloalkanes ... 

The names of organic compounds are based on the names of the parent hydrocarbons alcohols contain —OH groups, carboxylic acids contain —COOH groups, and haloalkanes contain halogen atoms. 

In the previous chapters, we discussed electron distrihution in organic molecules. In this chapter, we discuss the three-dimensional stracture of organic compounds. The structure may be such that stereoisomerism is possible. Stereoisomers are compounds made up of the same atoms bonded by the same sequence of bonds but having different three-dimensional stracmres which are not interchangeable. These three-dimensional structures are called configurations. 

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