Atomic holography

In principle, many atoms can be used for atomic-beam-holography purposes. It is possible to deposit the atoms directly on a substrate to produce a desired pattern, with a theoretical resolution of about 100 nm under typical conditions. Atomic-beam holography has considerable potential for the production of patterns with a nanometer-scale resolution. The present state of the art of atomic holography is rather primitive. However, it is a promising technique for atom manipulation in three-dimensional space, which could be used for control of the spatial phase and amplitude structure of atomic de Broglie waves in the future (Shimizu 2000). 

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Fundamental Tests of Quantum Mechanics, Edward S. Fry and Thomas ffUther Wave-Particle Duality in an Atom Inter-ferometer, Stephen Durr and Gerhard Rempe Atom Holography, Fujio Shimizu Optical Dipole Traps for Neutral Atoms,... 

Non-Optical Holography. Types of holography exist that use waves other than light. Some examples include acoustical holography, which operates with sound waves atomic holography, which is used in applications with atomic beams and electron holography, which utilizes electron waves. 

Shimizu, F. (2000). Atom holography. In Advances in atomic, molecular and optical physics (ed. B. Bederson and H. Walther), vol. 42, pp. 73-93. Academic Press, San Diego. 

Equations (8.27) and (8.28) indicate that d>(0) will tend to be more positive for a crystal containing heavier atoms. This is confirmed by experimental measurements of (0) using electron-beam techniques. Measurements by electron holography, for example, give the following values for a number of crystals Si,... 

Li et al. made extraordinarily perfect artificial c-axis twist bicrystal junctions.[3] These junctions were extensively characterized using high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy, and low energy electron diffraction, etc., and the results were compared with computer simulations. [4] More recently, off-axis electron holography provided compelling evidence of the remarkable atomic perfection and reproducibility of the twist junctions.[5]... 

A visualization study of fuel atomization using a pulsed laser holography/photography technique indicates that basic spray formation processes are the same for both a coal-derived synthetic fuel (SRC-II) and comparable petroleum fuels (No. 2 and No. 6 grade). Measurements were made on both pressure swirl and air assisted atomizers in a cold spray facility having well controlled fuel temperature. Quality of the sprays formed with SRC-II was between that of the No. 2 and No. 6 fuel sprays and was consistent with measured fuel viscosity. Sauter mean droplet diameter (SMD) was found to correlate with fuel viscosity, atomization pressure, and fuel flow rate. For all three fuels, a smaller SMD could be obtained with the air assisted than with the pressure swirl atomizer. 

Figure 4 Analogy between the principles of optical and photoelectron holography. In optical holography (top), the incident laser beam is the reference wave, the reflected waves are the scattered waves, and a fllm is used as a detector. In photoelectron holography (bottom), the direct, photo-emitted waves are reference waves that interfere with the scattered waves from neighboring atoms, and a hemispherical, electron energy analyzer is used as a detector.

In electron interferometry, there are often cases where great precision is required, for example, to measure the thickness distribution in atomic dimensions or to observe microscopic electromagnetic fields. To achieve such precision, phase amplification techniques peculiar to holography have been developed and used. Using these techniques, phase shifts as small as 1/100 of the wavelength can be detected [2.5]. 

Digital double-pulsed in-line holography (DIH) setup. (From Lee, J., Miller, B., and Sallam, K. A., Atomization and Sprays, 19, no. 5, 445-56, 2009a.)... 

Li, T., Nishida, K., and Hiroyasu, H. "Characterization of Initial Spray from a D.I. Gasoline Injector by Holography and Laser Diffraction Method." Atomization and Sprays 14, no. 5 (2004) 477-94. 

Lehmann M, Lichte H, Geiger D, Lang G and Sch weda E 1999 Electron holography at atomic dimensions—present state Mater. Character. 42 249-63... 

The concept of templated self-assembly of quantum dots has been transferred from molecular beam epitaxy to chemical vapour deposition. Here we demonstrate the fabrication of ordered arrays of Ge islands on a Si (100) surface using optical holography for the prepattern and subsequent growth by chemical vapor deposition. The samples were analyzed by atomic force microscopy and photoluminescence. Ordered arrays of Ge islands with a narrow size distribution and intense narrow photoluminescence lines of the islands have been observed. 

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