Radiocarbon atmospheric

Kitagawa H van der Plicht J (2000) Atmospheric radiocarbon calibration beyond 11,900 cal BP from Lake Suigetsu laminated sediments. Radiocarbon 42 369-380 Ku T-L (2000) Uranium-Series Methods. In Quaternary Geochronology Methods and Applications. 

Stocker TF, Wright DG (1996) Rapid changes in ocean circulation and atmospheric radiocarbon. Paleoceanogaphy 11 773-796... 

For radiocarbon, the standard ratio s is provided by the preindustrial atmosphere, for which 8 = 0. Cosmic rays interacting with atmospheric nitrogen were the main source of preindustrial radiocarbon. In the steady state, this source drsource is just large enough to generate an atmospheric delta value equal to zero. The source appears in equation 9 for atmospheric radiocarbon. Its value, specified in subroutine SPECS, I adjust to yield a steady-state atmospheric delta value of 0. The source balances the decay of radiocarbon in the atmosphere and in all of the oceanic reservoirs. Because radiocarbon has an overall source and sink—unlike the phosphorus, total carbon, 13C, and alkalinity in this simulation—the steady-state values of radiocarbon do not depend on the initial values. 

Fluctuation of Atmospheric Radiocarbon and the Radiocarbon Time Scale... 

Kitagawa H. and van der Plicht J. (1998) Atmospheric radiocarbon calibration to 45,0(X) yr BP Late Glacial fluctuations and cosmogenic isotope production. Science 279, 1187-1190. 

Marchal O., Stocker T. F., and Muscheler R. (2001) Atmospheric radiocarbon during the Younger Dryas Production, ventilation, or both Earth Planet Sci. Lett 185, 383-395. 

Fergusson, G. J. (1958). Reduction of atmospheric radiocarbon concentrations by fossil fuel carbon dioxide and the mean life of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A. 243, 561-574. 

The primary application of is to date objects or to determine various environmental process rates. The method is based on the assumption of a constant atmospheric formation rate. Once produced, atmospheric reacts to form i COi, which participates in the global carbon cycle processes of photosynthesis and respiration as well as the physical processes of dissolution, particulate deposition, evaporation, precipitation, transport, etc. Atmospheric radiocarbon is transferred to the ocean primarily by air-sea gas exchange of Once in the ocean, is subject... 

Effect) artificial or bomb was injected into the atmosphere. Radiocarbon concentrations in the atmosphere between about 1950 and 1965 almost doubled. A moratorium on testing in the atmosphere in 1963 halted testing in the atmosphere by most of the nuclear powers. This has allowed to begin the process of reestablishing a new atmospheric equilibrium. 

When in place the calcium hydroxide within the mixtures hardens by carbonation resulting in the formation of new calcium carbonate. As the carbon that binds to the calcium during this reaction originates from the atmosphere, the calcium carbonate contained in the hardened mixture reflects the atmospheric radiocarbon concentration at the time of hardening. Gonsequently this calcium carbonate phase within lime mixtures can be used for the radiocarbon dating of mortars, plasters and other lime based materials. 

---