Atmosphere synoptic scale circulation

The data presented in weather maps are relevant to chemical transport both at the local scale, where local weather governs atmospheric mixing, and at the regional scale, where synoptic-scale circulation governs the long-range transport of chemicals across state and national boundaries. 

This field is almost always in a state of change and is characterised by a spectrum of atmospheric motions ranging from micro-scale eddies, through meso-scale to synoptic-scale circulations. The elements of the field critical to pollutant transport are wind speed and wind direction. 

Local winds. Local (mesoscale) circulations and winds such as breezes, mountain-valley circulation, slope winds, foehns, boras, etc., along with the atmospheric processes on synoptic scale, play an important role in the formation of the climate on the coasts of the Black Sea. 

The motions on the largest spatial scales amount to the aggregate of the world s synoptic weather systems, often called the general circulation. Both with respect to substances that have atmospheric lifetimes of a day or more and with regard to the advection of water, it is useful to depict the nature of this general circulation. The mean circulation is described to some extent in terms of the Hadley and Ferrell cells shown in Fig. 7-4. They describe a coupled circulation... 

Three-dimensional models which provide solutions to some form of the primitive equations outlined in Section 3.3 are called general circulation models (GCMs). These models can provide insight on the coupling between dynamical and radiative processes in the atmosphere. They resolve large-scale waves and synoptic eddies, and include state-of-the-... 

---