Atmosphere origin

Prinn. Planets and Their Atmospheres Origin and Evolution. 1983... 

Reaction of benzanthrone with nitrogen dioxide alone or in admixture with ozone gives a mixture of nitrated products including 3-nitrobenzanthrone, which is a new class of powerful direct-acting mutagens of atmospheric origin (Eq. 2.12).26... 

Table 1. Radionuclides of Atmospheric Origin and of Potential Use in Dating Ground Water.

Lewis, J. S., Prinn, R. G. (1984) Planets and their atmospheres - Origin and evolution. New York Academic Press. 

Kasting, J.F. 1990. Bolide impacts and die oxidation state of carbon in the Earth s early atmosphere. Origins Life 20 199-231. See also Schaefer, L., and Fegley Jr., B., 2007, Outgassing of ordinary chondritic material and some of its implications for the chemistry of asteroids, planets, and satellites, Icarus 186.2 462-483. 

Fig. 13.5 Noble gases dissolved in thermal waters in the Jordan Rift Valley. (Data from Mazor, 1972.) The nonsaline waters lie between the values of air-saturated water (ASW) at 15 and 25 °C, demonstrating the meteoric (atmospheric) origin and the closed-system conditions that prevailed in the ground. The saline Tiberias hot water is suggested to have originated by saline water entrapment, a hypothesis supported by the lower noble gas content (Mazor, 1972).

Levit GS (2001) Biogeochemistry - biosphere - noosphere. The growth of the theoretical system of Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. Verlag ftir Wissenschaft und BUdung, Berlin Lewis JS, Prirm RG (1984) Planets and their atmospheres. Origin and evolution. Harcourt Bruce Jovanovich/Academic, Orlando/ San Diego, CA... 

Bohlke, J. K., Ericksen, G. E., and Revesz, K. (1997). Stable isotope evidence for an atmospheric origin of desert nitrate deposits in northern Chile and southern California, USA. Chem. Geol. 136,135—152. 

Chameides W. L. and Walker J. C. G. (1981) Rates of fixation by lightning of carbon and nitrogen in possible primitive atmospheres. Origins of Life 11, 291-302. 

Lewis J. and Prinn R. (1984) Planets and their Atmospheres Origin and Evolution. Academic Press, Orlando. 

The discovery of the anomalous oxygen isotopic compositions of atmospheric sulfate provides a new means for identifying sulfate of atmospheric origin. Rainwater and aerosols from southern California were found to have A O values in the range of 0%o to -K.5%o (Lee et al., 2001). The average A O of snow sulfate in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, USA) was - -1.3%o. Sulfate in ice cores, massive sulfate deposits, and Dry Valley soils from various locations also have MIF (Bao et al., 2000 Lee et al., 2001). There appears to be seasonality in the A O of sulfate in precipitation, with higher values in the winter and lower values in the summer, probably due to seasonal changes in climatic elfects that favor aqueous phase S(IV) oxidation in winter relative to summer (Lee and Thiemens, 2001). 

Kasting J. F., Pavlov A. A., and Siefert J. L. (2001) A coupled ecosystem-climate model for predicting the methane concentration in the Archean atmosphere. Origin Life Evol. Biosphere 31, 271-285. 

Lovelock J. E. and Marguhs L. (1974) Homeostatic tendencies of the Earth s atmosphere. Origins Life 5, 93—103. 

Kasting J. F. (1990) Bolide impacts and the oxidation state of carbon in the Earth s early atmosphere. Origins Life Evol. Biosphere 20, 199-231. 

Meteoritic (meteoric) water water of recent atmospheric origin. 

Table 2.2, half of the carhon source for HCO3 comes from CO2 and half from CaCOs. Comhination of these two mass balance concepts requires that about half of the atmospheric CO2 source be involved in CaCOs dissolution reactions and the other half be consumed by dissolution of aluminosilicates or, about half of the HCO3 in river water that has an atmospheric origin has reacted with aluminosilicates (Fig. 2.2). 

Similarly, Michalski et al. (2001) argued that the oxygen isotope composition of Antarctic soil nitrate indicates that those deposits are entirely due to atmospheric deposition. Arias (2003) also supported an atmospheric origin for the Atacama deposits, and suggested that the nitrates resulted from the decay of marine algae concentrations and inland transport of aerosols in sea-spray and fog. 

Meteoric water. Water of recent atmospheric origin waters from recent precipitation. 

Most of the energy reaching the Earth s atmosphere originates from a relatively thin layer (about 1000 km thick) called the photosphere. This layer defines the visible volume of the Sun, and although the entire star is... 

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