Fracture Atlas

Hearle JWS, Lomas B, Cooke WD (1998) Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles. Woodhead, Cambridge... 

Typical features of the spectra of polymers are the changes introduced when the polymer chains are oriented by strain. When observed with polarized radiation the changing orientation of the molecular chains is visible by pleochromism of the infrared bands or the changes of the polarizability in the Raman spectra. Stress relaxation and the effects of fatigue and fracture may be observed, especially when the spectral subtraction technique is applied. These methods are well described by Siesler and Holland-Moritz (1980). In the Atlas of polymer and plastics analysis by Hummel and Scholl (1991) the methods of polymer analysis are described exhaustively and the spectra of plastic material and its constituents are collected. 

Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles Second edition... 

Integrated . A collection of monoblock and modular cobalt chromium humeral prostheses within a single system. Included are the Kirschner n-C monoblock, and the Atlas modular design. Glenoid components include all-poly UHMWPE keeled and pegged components as well as a metal-backed, screw-fixed design. Components of the system are intended for primary, hemiarthroplasty, total, and fracture use with cemented and press-fit fixation. 

The aim of this paper has been to illustrate the diversity of form of fibre fracture. Any discussion of the mechanics involved in fibre fracture must be in the context of the pattern of deformation and cracking. Some brief explanations of the mechanisms involved and some examples of the materials and circumstances leading to particular forms of break have been included. Many more examples, both from laboratory testing and failure in u.se, are given in the Atlas of Fibre Fracture and Damage to Textiles by... 

Hearle. J.W.S., Lomas, B. and Cooke, W.D. (1998) Atlas of Fibre Fracture ami Damage to Textiles. Woodhead Publishing. Cambridge. 

Inokuchi S, Usami N, Hiraishi E, Hashimoto T (1998) Calcaneal fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 18 469-474 Jones R (1902) Fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal by indirect violence. Ann Surg 35 697-700 Kay RM, Tang CW (2001) Pediatric foot fractures evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 9 308-319 Logan B, Singh D, Hutchings R (2004) McMinn s colour atlas of foot and ankle anatomy, 3rd edn. Mosby, Elsevier Mora S, Thordarson DB, Zionts CE, Reynolds RA (2001) Pediatric calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int 22 471-477... 

The atlanto-dens interval (ADI) is the distance between the anterior aspect of the dens and the posterior aspect of the anterior ring of the atlas. While the normal ADI in adults is normally 3 mm, in children this can be up to 5 mm. An ADI of >5 mm in flexion and >4 mm in extension is abnormal. The distance is wider in children due to the lucent cartilage in the interval combined with the hyper mobility. The dens may be slightly posteriorly tilted in up to 4% of normal children and should be differentiated from acute fractures (Swischuk et al. 1979). The posterior tilting may result in a spuriously increased ADI in the cranial aspect due to a V shaped appearance to the joint. Normal ADI is noted at the caudal aspect of the joint in such cases. 

Pseudo Jefferson fracture, or pseudo spread of the atlas on the axis, can be seen on the open mouth radiographs. The ossification of the lateral masses of Cl in young children often exceeds that of C2. The lateral masses of the atlas therefore may overhang the axis by as much as 6 mm and is commonly seen in children less than 4 years of age and maybe seen up to 7 years of age. 

J. W.S.Hearle, B.Lamos, and W.D.Cooke, Fibre Failure and Wear of Materials on Atlas of Fracture, Fatigue and Durability, Elhs Harword Limited, England, 44, 1989. 

Engel, L. et al. An Atlas of Polymer Damage Surface Examination of Fractures Other Types of Damage by Scanning Electron Microscopy. San Diego Technomic, 1981. 

This book, the Polymer Atlas, presents a collection of micrographs of the morphology of a broad variety of polymers. Additionally, changes in morphology under mechanical loading and the illustration of deformation processes and fracture surfaces are shown in detail. Features of the Polymer Atlas are as follows ... 

---