Asynchronous movement

The VariCol approach, as introduced by Ludemann-Hombourger et al. (2000b), increases the flexibility of the continuous separation system by asynchronous movement of the injection and withdrawal ports. Within a complete process cycle this leads to mean numbers of columns per section that are non-integer. As the minimum number of columns per section in a SMB-system is one, it is possible in VariCol systems to reduce this to virtually any number less than one. Owing to the... 

Another objective function for process optimization is the eluent consumption, which is not considered here because of the fixed flow rates in the regeneration sections. A further promising alternative for process optimization is the VariCol process proposed by Ludemann-Hombourger et al. (2000b) (Chapter 5.3.5.1). This process is based on an asynchronous movement of the in- and outlet valves and offers, therefore, the opportunity to apparently decrease the number of columns, with constant purity and the same amount of product. This concept can be applied for all of the processes considered here. 

In the work by Shida et al. [45] a synchronous concerted double proton transfer is found to be the major mode of the reaction, which is confirmed in a recent molecular dynamics calculation by Wolf et al. [46]. In his molecular dynamics calculation the time evolution of the potential energy was additionally taken into account. The double proton transfer has also been investigated in a Car-Parinello ah initio molecular mechanics study by Miura et al. [41]. Quantum fluctuations are shown to cause significant deviations from the minimum energy path. While an asynchronous movement of the two protons close to the equilibrium structure was... 

The examiner focuses on asymmetric movement while viewing the patient from the front, side, or back. Asymmetric movements are characterized by reduced or excessive displacements or by a change in the speed of movement during parts of the gait cycle. Asynchronous movement in the sagittal plane is best observed from the side, and coronal plane dysfunction is best observed from the front or back. 

Rapid eye movement sleep. Sleep stage characterized by rapid movements of the eyes and asynchronous EEG activity in the theta-frequency (5-10Hz) range. Counterpart is slow wave sleep, characterized by other electrophysiological (synchronized low frequency l-2Hz, large amplitude EEG and neuronal sharp wave-ripple oscillations) and endocrine (growth hormone surge) activities. 

A structural dilemma lies in combining a phase concept of the molecular arrangement with the molecular description of the contraction process. It is known that the movements of different myosin heads on a particular myosin thread occur asynchronously, which is evident for example, from X-ray diffraction experiments. That means that a force is generated constantly with time. The coordination of movement between every muscle cell (down to the individual actin/myosin molecule) is controlled by the excitation via the tubuli system, which is a cubosome type of membrane system, described in the previous chapter. 

Transfer of a proton from f/2-H2 to the ju-thiolates in H-ases is also possible, and calculations support such heterolysis (although it is endothermic by 15 kcal/mol).41 Transfer of a proton to CN is nearly isoenergetic but a high barrier is computed (38 kcal/mol, compared to 17 kcal/mol for transfer to sulfide). The next steps involve movement of protons away from the active site and synchronous or asynchronous electron transfer to the cubane cluster and away from the site via other Fe-S clusters. The electrons in the H-H bond could essentially flow through the Fe-Fe bond and, depending on whether one- or two-electron transfer process takes place, one-electron Fe---Fe bonds (2.9-3.1 A)42 may be present in the intermediates (one-electron transfer steps are shown in Scheme 2). The flexibility of the M-M separation (2.6-3.2A, corresponding to 0, 1, or 2e M-M bonds) could facilitate electron/proton transfer here and in the [NiFe] H-ases. 

Solution Seeking with Livelock-Breaking. Sometimes we observe the livelock-like situation in which the amoeba s circularly symmetric deformation continues by keeping its disc-like shape until all neurons are illuminated. Even in that case, the symmetry is spontaneously broken and movements of peripheral parts become asynchronously fluctuated with mutual time lags. Owing to the asynchronously fluctuated movements, the livelock-like stalemate was avoided, and the amoeba searched for the solution < 0,1,0,0,1,0,0,1 > shown in Fig. 3B. The solution was stably maintained for about 4 h. We observed that the spatiotemporal pattern of vertical oscillation evolves nonperiodically while the amoeba s shape in the solution is unchanged horizontally [12,13,14]. 

While aggressive expansion of the branch 7 was sustained under illumination, the branch 8 was shrunk by illumination. In this manner, the branches iterated their asynchronously fluctuated movements again. As a result, the amoeba succeeded in searching for another solution < 0,1, 0, 0,1, 0,1, 0 > (Fig. 3D). Then amoeba stabilized its shape at the second solution for about 1 h. After that, the spontaneous destabilization occurred once more (Fig. 3E), and eventually the amoeba attained the third solution < 0,1,0,1,0,1,0,1 > maintained for about 7 h (Fig. 3F). Within 16 h of the observation, the amoeba successively searched for three solutions by repeatedly switching between the stabilizing and destabilizing modes. 

In accordance with experimental observations, the model assumes that cells migrate by executing persistent random walks [49,121,122] as they go through their division cycle. In a uniform environment, the direction after each turn is randomly selected. However, cell movement can be biased to simulate chemotaxis or haptotaxis. If the cell does not collide with another cell, this persistent random movement continues until the end of the cell s current division cycle upon which the cell stops and divides into two daughter cells. Cell division is asynchronous and the distribution of cell division time tj is a measurable characteristic of each cell phenotype. 

Other brain signals suitable for DBI control are related to movement or the intent to move. These typically include hand and foot movements, tongue protrusion, and vocalization. These event-related potentials have been recorded both from scalp EEGs to implement an asynchronous switch (Birch and Mason, 2000) and from implanted electrodes placed directly on the brain (Levine et al., 2000). Other research has focused on detecting brain signal patterns in imagined movement (Pfurtscheller et al., 2000). 

The ONBOARD ERTMS equipment receives messages from beacons on the track and radio messages in a completely asynchronous way. The devices store these messages containing a large amount of information (track profile over several kilometers) in order to continnously and secmely control the movement of the train. 

---