As immunogen

Since OVA and BSA possess some immunologically similar epitopes, a population of the antibodies produced against one often will cross-react against the other. Therefore, OVA cannot function as a non-relevant carrier for BSA and vice versa. Either OVA or BSA, however, may be used as non-relevant carriers for KLH, thyroglobulin, or the various toxoid proteins used as immunogen conjugates. 

Moroder, L., Bovermann, G., Mouricr, G., Gohring, W., Gemeiner, M., and Wiinsch, E. (1987) Studies on immunoassays of peptide factors. III. Gastrin/iso-1-cytochrome c as immunogen for raising anti-gas-trin antisera. Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler, 368, 839-848. 

Glycosylation affects protein stability as well as immunogenicity. A prominent example is tobacco-derived erythropoeitin (EPO), which possesses smaller N-linked oligo-... 

Fig. 5 Chemical structure of the hapten conjugated to BSA used as immunogen by Roberts et al. [158] and Meyer et al. [154] to raise antibodies against dexamethasone. Structures of other corticosteroids subsequently tested by Creaser et al. [180] in order to evaluate the selectivity of the ELISA obtained are also shown...

Recently three murine antisera to PAMAM dendrimers have been generated using dendrimer-protein conjugates as immunogens [9, 10]. The recognition properties of the three sera are exquisitely specific, recognizing unmodified... 

Knudsen KA. 1985. Proteins transferred to nitrocellulose for use as immunogens. Anal Biochem 147 285-288. 

Rosenberg AS. Immunogenicity of biological therapeutics a hierarchy of concerns. Dev Biol 2003 112 15-21. 

Dalgleish, A.G, and R.C. Kennedy, Anti-idiotypic antibodies as immunogens idiotype-based vaccines. Vaccine, 1988. 6(3) 215-20. 

Antigens themselves consist of two classes, the first being substances which are capable of generating an immune response on their own—immunogens—and smaller molecules that can react weakly with antibodies, so-called haptens. However, if haptens are attached to larger molecular moieties they begin to function as immunogens. 

Emulsions containing antigens are just as immunogenic to humans as to the experimental animal. Great care should be exercised during all the procedures. 

Problems may be encountered when using recombinant fusion proteins (with P-galactosidase or glutathione transferase) as immunogens, because the response is directed predominantly against the bactenal enzyme. In this case, it is advisable where possible to cleave off and isolate the specific protein... 

Use of Proteins Blotted to Polyvinylidene Difluoride Membranes as Immunogens... 

In this section we will report on the use of these saccharides as antigens for studies of the immune response, and as immunogens when conjugated to immunogenic carrier proteins for the elicitation of immune responses. 

However, the molecular weight, for example, may vary from 15,000 (hen egg white lysozyme) to 2,000,000 (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) daltons. Protein antigens function as the most potent immunogens, and polysaccharide antigens rank second. For cell-mediated immunity, only proteins serve as immunogens. Certain nucleic acid types such as Z-DNA and other molecules can also stimulate antibody production. 

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