Aryl homo-coupling

Total basicity is measured by standard acid—base titration techniques. The activity divided by the total basicity should be greater than 90%. If it is not, then the Grignard reagent should be checked for unreacted alkyl or aryl haUde, homo-coupled product, hydrolysis products, and oxidation products. 

One of the first examples was the above mentioned work from Yoshino et al. [7] concerning the synthesis of poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene)s via oxidative coupling of fluorene derivatives. Poly(9,9-dialkylfluorene) derivatives have been also synthesized via Ni- and Pd-catalyzed aryl-aryl homo- and cross-coupling reactions of sui-... 

Early development of the homo-coupling reactions of aryl halides involves the use of stoichiometric amounts of air-sensitive Ni(0) complexes.54 The reaction could also be realized with a catalytic amount of Ni(0) complexes formed in situ when a stoichiometric amount of Zn was present. Besides aryl iodides, tosylates,... 

The rate-determining step in the homo-coupling reaction of aryl halides could be the oxidative step or the reduction of Ni(II) to Ni(I) step. 

NMR spectroscopy, 93. See also Proton NMR integrations Hoechst continuous process, 548 Homo-coupling reactions, aryl halide, 486-487 Homopolymers, 7 Hot-cast prepolymer method, 211 Hot phosgenation, 222 Houvink-Sakurada equation, 286 HTMAB. See Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTMAB)... 

The homo-coupling of benzylic halides appears to proceed via benzylnickel intermediates similar to that of aryl halides. The intermediate, benzylnickel halide, was successfully trapped with electron deficient olefins. 

Iron-catalysed homo-coupling of aryl Grignard reagents has been successfully developed.96 A variety of aryl Grignard reagents have been efficiently converted into the corresponding symmetrical biaryls in the presence of FeCl3 and a stoichiometric amount of 1,2-dichloroethane as oxidant (Scheme 18). 

This reaction is known as the Ullmann coupling. It is believed to involve the intermediacy of aryl copper complexes rather than radical species. The reaction is best suited to the preparation of symmetrical biaryls ( homo-coupled products). Attempts to couple two different halides (Ar X and Ar X) in this way can lead to mixtures of the desired cross-coupled product (Ar -Ar ) and the two homo-coupled species (Ar -Ar and Ar -Ar ). 

Homo-Coupling of Aryl Halides The Ulhnann Reaction De-halogen-coupling... 

The mechanism of thallation appears to be complex, with electrophilic and electron-transfer mechanisms both taking place. Transient metalated aryl complexes can be formed that react with another aromatic compound. Aryl iodides reacted with benzene to form a biaryl in the presence of an iridium catalyst. Aniline derivatives reacted with TiCLj to give the para-homo coupling product (RaN-Ar-Ar-NRj). ... 

Percec, V., Bae, J. Y., Hill, D. H. Aryl Mesylates in Metal-Catalyzed Homo-Coupling and Cross- Coupling Reactions. 4. Scope and Limitations of Aryl Mesylates in Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6895-6903. 

Hiyama and Mori have reported that homo-coupling reactions of vinyl-, aryl-, and alkynylsilanes are effectively promoted by an equimolar amount of CuCl and air (Scheme 10.218) [565]. The reaction mechanism probably involves formation of organocopper species by Si-Cu transmetalation and subsequent oxidative dimerization by air. The strong tendency of CuCl to activate alkynylsilanes has been used for coupling reactions with 1-chloroalkynes (Scheme 10.218) [566]. 

---