Arsenate biochemistry

With the exception of C-I bonds in thyroxines, no compounds analogous to alkyl halides are found in animals. However, as discussed earlier, methylation pathways are known in mammalian arsenic biochemistry, and there may be potential sources of CH3 which could react with phosphines. 

Heteropolyacids (HPA) are the unique class of inorganic complexes. They are widely used in different areas of science in biochemistry for the precipitation of albumens and alkaloids, in medicine as anticarcinogenic agents, in industry as catalysts. HPA are well known analytical reagents for determination of phosphoms, silica and arsenic, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, oxidants and reductants in solution etc. 

Liu J, TB Gladysheva, L Lee, BP Rosen (1995) Identification of an essential cysteinyl residue in the ArsC arsenate reductase plasmid R 773. Biochemistry 34 13472-13476. 

Tamaki S, WT Erankenberger (1992) Environmental biochemistry of arsenic. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 124 79-110. 

C. Spontaneous Formation of Esters of Arsenate The Biochemistry of Arsenite... 

Biomethylation may also produce more complex alkyl arsenic groups. As(C2H5)(CH3)2 has been found in landfill and sewage gas, and probably also exists in natural gas (Bentley and Chasteen, 2002), 251. As(C2H5)3 may also occur in landfill gases and probably natural gas (Bentley and Chasteen, 2002), 251. Further details on the reduction and methylation biochemistry of arsenic are discussed in Chapter 4. 

Csanaky, I. and Gregus, Z. (2002) Species variations in the biliary and urinary excretion of arsenate, arsenite and their metabolites. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology C-Toxicology and Pharmacology, 131(3), 355-65. 

Cullen, W.R., McBride, B.C. and Reglinski, J. (1984a) The reduction of trimethylarsine oxide to trimethylarsine by thiols a mechanistic model for the biological reduction of arsenicals. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry, 21(1), 45-60. 

Huang, C Li, J., Ding, M. et al. (2001) Arsenic-induced NFB transactivation through Erks- and JNKs-dependent pathways in mouse epidermal JB6 cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 222(1-2), 29-34. 

Compton-OBrien, A.M., Foust, R.D., Jr., Ketterer, M.E. and Blinn, D.W. (2003) Total arsenic in a fishless desert spring, in Biochemistry of Environmentally Important Trace Elements, ACS Symposium Series 835 (eds Y. Cai and O.C. Braids), Montezuma Well, AZ, pp. 200-9. 

Heavy metals. The most common heavy-metal pollutants are arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, and mercury. Some metals, such as manganese, iron, copper, and zinc, are essential micronutrients. Each type of heavy metal in its own way affects water ecosystem biochemistry and can accumulate in bottom deposits and in the biomass of living elements. 

Medical technology has made tremendous advances in the past several decades, due in part to the advances made in clinical chemistry. Before the development of clinical chemistry, doctors were forced to make biochemistry diagnoses based on macroscopic observations and symptoms. Today, medical professionals have an extensive arsenal of biochemical tests available to aid in the early detection of a particular disease or condition. These tests were made possible through improved knowledge of how individual cells and tissues function at the molecular level. 

It was her war work which initiated the choice of career for Patricia Hannah Green.109 Green was bom on 29 July 1919 in Pontypridd, Wales, and was educated at Howell s School, Llandaff (see Chap. 6). Interested in biological chemistry, she entered Girton in 1937 to study biochemistry, graduating in 1940, the same year she married Michael Clarke. She left Cambridge for war work at the Armament Research Department of the Ministry of Supply, initially at Woolwich Arsenal, and then at Swansea, researching the chemistry of explosives. 

Nie, L., Shah, S., Rashid, A., Burd, G.I., Dixon, D.G., andGlick, B.R. 2002. Phytoremediation of arsenate contaminated soil by transgenic canola and the plant growth-promoting bacterium Enterobacter cloacae CAL2. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 40(4) 355-61. 

Zacks, S., Sheff, M. (1967). Biochemistry and mechanism of action of toxic proteins. US Army Edgewood Arsenal CRDL 1-8. 

Rosen, B.P. (2002a). Biochemistry of arsenic detoxification. FEBS Lett. 529 86-92. 

Rosen B. P. (2002) Biochemistry of arsenic detoxification. Febs Lett. 529, 86-92. 

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