Aromatic hydrocarbons chemical carcinogenesis

Dipple, A. (1985) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cardnogens, in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Carcinogenesis (ed. R.G. Harvey), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp. 1-17. 

Difluoronaphthalene [315-52-6] is prepared from 4-fluoro-l-naphthylarnine by the Balz-Schiemann reaction. 1,4-Difluoronaphthalene is used in chemical carcinogenesis studies as a synthon for highly condensed difluoro—polycycHc aromatic hydrocarbons (273). 

Conney, A.H. (1982). Induction of Microsomal-Enzymes by Foreign Chemicals and Carcinogenesis by Polycyclic Aromatic-Hydrocarbons—Clowes, G.H.A. Memorial Lecture. Cancer Research 42, 4875 917. 

Chemical carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a multi-step process in which each of the steps must occur if a neoplasm is to develop. Thus, exposure to PAHs alone is not necessarily sufficient for the induction of a tumor. Many of these factors are summarized below and are discussed in various chapters of this volume. Considered here will be those factors influencing the reactions of the metabolically activated forms of the PAHs with DNA and the ways in which adducts may be detected and characterized. 

Beland, F.A. and Kadlubar, F.F. (1990). Metabolic activation and DNA adducts of aromatic amines and nitroaromatic hydrocarbons. In Chemical Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis, Cooper, C.S. and Grover, P.L. (eds), p. 267. Springer Verlag, Secaucus... 

S. K. Yang, M. Mushtaq, P. L. Chiu, Stereoselective Metabolism and Activation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons , in Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Carcinogenesis , Ed. R. G. Harvey, American Chemical Society, Washington, 1985, p. 19 - 34. 

Gorski T. 1969. Biological role of charge-transfer complexes of aromatic hydrocarbon oxy derivatives in chemical carcinogenesis. Neoplasma 16 403-408. 

Among the recent attempts to develop the theory of chemical carcinogenesis one encounters a number of speculations on the possible role in tumor formation of different factors which may be generally termed as physical or sterical. We have recently discussed in detail on a few occasions the theories involving the physical factors, among them the electron or excitation transfer mechanisms.27 32 26 24 In this communication, we should like to discuss, at least in part, some of the propositions concerning the role of steric effects in carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Conney AH. Induction of microsomal enzymes by foreign chemicals and carcinogenesis by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons G. H. A. Clowes Memorial Lecture. Cancer Res 1982 42 4875-4917. 

B. Pullman, Int. J. Quantum Chem., 16, 669 (1979). Recent Developments on the Mechanism of Chemical Carcinogenesis by Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 

The principal pathway by which unsubstituted and many substituted aromatic hydrocarbons are metabolized in mammals consists of the initial formation of arene oxides, which undergo a variety of enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions prior to excretion of the resulting more polar, oxidized hydrocarbons via bile or urine. Taken together, these pathways represent an attempt on the part of the animal to detoxify or eliminate such nonpolar xenobiotic substances for which it has no apparent use. Although detoxification is the probable role of the arene oxide pathway, it is equally clear that chemically reactive species mediate this process. Thus, studies over the past several years have either implicated or established arene oxides in a causative role in such adverse biological reactions as cytotoxicity, mutagenesis, and carcinogenesis via covalent interaction of arene oxides with biopolymers,... 

Weibel FJ. 1980. Activation and inactivation of carcinogens by microsomal nonoxooxygenases Modification by benzoflavones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Carcinogenesis 5. Modifiers of chemical carcinogenesis. 

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