Arnold Atmospheric Ions

Reiner, T., M. Hanke, and F. Arnold, Atmospheric Peroxy Radical Measurements by Ion Molecule Reaction-Mass Spectrometry A Novel Analytical Method Using Amplifying Chemical Conversion to Sulfuric Acid, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 1311-1326 (1997). 

Arnold, F Ion-induced nucleation of atmospheric water vapor at the mesopause, Planet. Space Set, 28,... 

Arnold F., Physics and chemistry of atmospheric ions. Proc. Dahlem Workshop on Atmospheric Chemistry. Ed. E.D. Goldberg, 273-300 (1982). 

Schlager H., Fabian R. and Arnold F., A new cluster ion ion source / ion drift cell apparatus for atmospheric ion studies - First mobility and reaction rate coefficient measurements. In Proc. 3rd Intern. Swarm Seminar, 3-5 Aug. 1983, Innsbruck, 257-262 (1983). 

Arnold F and Viggiano A A 1986 Review of rocket-borne ion mass spectrometry in the middle atmosphere Middie Atmosphere Program Handbook, Voi. 19 ed R A Goldberg (Urbana, IL SCOSTEP)... 

Mass spectrometry has the potential for being a very powerful analytical technique for atmospheric measurements, and indeed, it has been used for a number of decades in upper atmosphere measurements of ions and neutrals. Viggiano (1993) has reviewed ion chemistry and the application of mass spectrometry to tropospheric and stratospheric measurements through 1993. The first mass spectrometric measurements were made in the upper atmosphere from 64 to 112 km in 1963 (Narcisi and Bailey, 1965), followed by stratospheric measurements in 1977 (Arnold et al., 1977) and, finally, tropospheric measurements in 1983 (Eisele, 1983 Heit-mann and Arnold, 1983). They have also been extended... 

Arnold, F and W. Joos, Rapid growth of atmospheric cluster ions at the cold mesopause, Geophys. Res. 

Clustering reactions of neutral species around positive and negative ions play a considerable role in the atmosphere (Castleman Jr., 1983 Ferguson and Arnold, 1981). Thus knowledge of the energetics and properties of ion clusters is a prerequisite for an elaboration of proper theories of such phenomena as nucleation and condensation. 

The first positive ion composition measurements reaching the mesosphere were made by Narcisi and colleagues [18]. Later on, several research groups contributed to the exploration of the mesospheric plasma, the so called ionospheric D-region. The first negative ion composition measurements in the atmosphere were performed in 1970 independently by Arnold et al. [19] and Narcisi et al. [20]. 

Arnold, F., and D. Krankowsky, Ion composition and electron- and ion-loss processes in the earth s atmosphere, pp. 93-127, in Dynamical and Chemical Coupling Between the Neutral and Ionized Atmosphere. Grandal, B., and Holtet, J.A., (eds.), D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland, 1977. 

Viggiano A A and Arnold F 1995 Ion chemistry and composition of the atmosphere Atmospheric Electrodynamics ed H Volland (Boca Raton, FL CRC Press)... 

Viidanoja J, Reiner T, Arnold F. Laboratory investigations of negative ion-molecule reactions of formic and acetic acids implications for atmospheric measurements by ion-molecule reaction mass spectrometry. Int J Mass Spectrom. 1998 181 31-41. 

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