Arms control argument

The value of the placebo-controlled trial in the early evaluation of a new potential medicine cannot be overemphasised. It is particularly valuable when there is no accepted standard therapy in common use. There are many examples of prescribed drugs in different therapeutic classes that have never been subjected to controlled placebo trials. Other scientific arguments in favour of the inclusion of placebo arms in trials include the following. 

Outside the realm of armed conflict, the International Law Commission has more recently argued in its study on the Protection of persons in the event of disasters that such a determination must be made on a case-by-case basis , without elaborating as to whom should be the determinant in such circumstances. Yet, whilst the arbitrariness of the refusal of an offer may eventually be determined by an authoritative legal body such as the ICJ, in practice such an initial argument in time of a NIAC shall always be made by the sovereign of an affected territory, or the controlling non-state actor. Indeed, in response hereto, third-party action may be warranted upon determination by the Security Council as authoritative body with more ad hoc possibilities of enforcement than the ICJ. 

Scanlan and Case have used another criterion to identify the chains and junctions which should control the elastic properties of networks. In their scheme, a junction is elastically active if three or more of its arms are independently attached to the network. A strand is elastically active if it is attached at both ends to an active junction. However, it can be shown that equation (55) still holds if Vg and Pg are replaced by the numbers of active chains and junctions Pa, respectively. This is stated in equation (56). In the phantom network model, the elastic modulus depends only on the cycle rank and therefore is not influenced by the choice of criterion. Furthermore, there is no difference between the two criteria when applied to perfect networks. All the equations derived above by graph-theoretical arguments hold for odd as well as even values of and may be adapted to networks of variable functionality merely by replacing (j) by its average 0.124,126,127... 

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