ARamid ALuminum Laminates

FML materials are the most recent substrates to be used in aircraft construction. The first products, initially designated Arall (aramid fiber-reinforced aluminum laminates). Glare (glass fiber-reinforced aluminum laminates), and Care (carbon fiber-rein-forced aluminum laminates), were invented by Prof. Bond Vogelesang of the Aerospace Faculty of the Technical University of Delft. Development to full commercial product stams took place from 1978 to 1989 for Arall and to 2001 for Glare . 

ARALL laminates, a family of hybrid composites consisting of aramid fibers bonded with epoxy between 0.3 mm thick aircraft ahoy sheets, were introduced in the 1980s (53). The laminates have lower density than even the new Al—Li ahoys and are greatly superior to monolithic aluminum sheet in resisting the growth of fatigue cracks. ARALL laminates have been specified for aircraft stmcture which is subjected to cycHc tension loads (see Laminates). 

Cast PTFE films can be laminated with different substrates, most frequently with PTFE-coated glass and aramid fabrics. They also can be metallized, in particular with aluminum for use in electronics. Other applications include as release films for the manufacture of composite materials for aerospace vehicles, in electronics and electrical industries, as selective membranes, and in the chemical industry. 

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