Nested specificity

For software in industrial control systems, the V-model process in Fig. 2.4 shows that there will typically be a series of nested specifications, from the overall functional requirements specification, through intermediate system specifications, to detailed... 

Three analogous but theme-specific conceptual schemas have been constructed, with systems which have several nested sub-systems (Meijer et al., 2005). Relevant mi-crostractures at different meso-levels can be assigned to appropriate scales. In such conceptual schemas, structure can be defined as the distribution over space of the components in a system. Physical building blocks of such a system are regions that are bounded by a closed surface (Walstra, 2003), where at least some of the properties within such regions are different from those in the rest of the system. 

Specifications for nest box placement and predator guards should also be included. Specifics of nest box placement will depend on the behavior of avian species being monitored. Inter-box distances and orientation to test areas are two parameters that may vary widely with the organism being smdied. Predators vary from area to area, and if nest boxes are near tree canopies, predation from above may in fact be the dominant route of predator intrusion rather than the standard access from the ground. 

Experience in the baking industry since World War II has shown that proper use of residual spray materials such as DDT and chlordan will most effectively control these casual invaders. When housekeeping in a bakery is maintained as near perfect as possible, the application of a residual layer of toxic insecticide on areas upon which casual invaders are most likely to travel in seeking harborage will effectively kill the invader individual before it has an opportunity to nest. Experience has borne out this theory in a general way, and specific data are now being collected which will describe it in more scientific terms. 

As explained in depth in the next sections, most of the advanced high-resolution experiments on quadrupolar nuclei are based on the selection of specific coherences and on the transfer of these coherences along the selected pathways, which always terminate at the observable SQ coherence p = — 1. Most of the time, the selection is done using nested phase-cycling of the radiofrequency (rf) pulses included in the pulse sequence [34]. Recently, new methods have been proposed to optimize the nested phase-cycling procedure, including the schemes referred to as cogwheel [36-39] and multiplex [40—421. 

Ohlendorf, H.M., R.L. Hothem, and D. Welsh. 1989. Nest success, cause-specific nest failure, and hatchability of aquatic birds at selenium-contaminated Kesterson Reservoir and a reference site. Condor 91 787-796. 

Probably the best-studied communication behavior in ants is chemical communication, but other sensory modalities, such as mechanical cues, also play an important role in the formation of multicomponent signals in ant communication. Chemical releasers are produced in a variety of exocrine glands, and considerable progress has been made in chemically identifying many of these glandular secretions (for reviews see refs. 1 and 2). In this essay I will not emphasize, however, the natural product chemistry of ant pheromones, but rather concentrate on the proposition that communication in ant societies is often based on multicomponent signals, on nested levels of variation in chemical and other cues, which feature both anonymous and specific characteristics (3). 

The specificity of PCR amplification can be enhanced by using nested primers. Typically, in this approach, after a first round of PCR, primers nested within the original pair are used to amplify specific sequences (P2). 

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