Aquatic animals, xenobiotic metabolism

Investigation of Xenobiotic Metabolism in Intact Aquatic Animals... 

Standardized techniques and equipment for such investigations are in widespread use. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said for metabolism investigations in aquatic animals. Most of the world s animals exclusive of the insects —over 200,000 known species -- live at least a part of their lives in water over 100 species have major economic importance and they form the populations most often at risk of exposure to a growing number of chemical pollutants, but science remains largely ignorant of the disposition of xenobiotics by intact, living specimens of even the most common of the aquatic animals. 

Pesticides and wildlife—Congresses. 2. Xenobiotic metabolism—Congresses. 3. Aquatic animals, Effect of water pollution on—Congresses. 

Interest In the phylogenetic aspects of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes has motivated several Investigators to study xenobiotic conjugation In aquatic animals. In addition, evidence of extensive chemical pollution of some bodies of water which results In the exposure of aquatic animals to xenobiotics has provided a practical reason to study the ability of aquatic animals to biotransform lipophilic foreign chemicals to more polar metabolites which should be more readily excreted. 

Fossato VU, Nasci C, Dolci (1979) 3,4-benzopyrene and perylene in mussels, Mytilus sp., from the Laguna Veneta, north-east Italy. Mar Env Res 2 47-53 Foster GD, Crosby DG (1986) Xenobiotic metabolism of p-nitrophenol derivatives by the rice field crayfish Procambrus clarkii). Environ Toxicol Chem 5 1059-1070 Foster GD, Crosby DG (1987) Comparative metabolism of nitroaromatic compounds in freshwater, brackish water and marine decapod crustaceans. Xenobiotica 17 1393-1404 Foureman GL (1989) Enzymes involved in metabolism of PAH by fishes and other aquatic animals hydrolysis and conjugation enzymes (or phase II enzymes). In Varanasi U (ed) Metabolism of polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons in the aquatic environment. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, pp 185-202... 

Lee RF (1988) Possible linkages between mixed function oxygenase systems, reproduction, molting, and pollution in aquatic animals. In Evans MS (ed) Toxic contaminants and ecosystem health a great lakes focus. Wiley, New York, Vol 21 of Adv Environ Sci Technol (Nriagu JO, SEr. ed), pp 201-212 Lee RF (1989) Metabolism of different xenobiotics after entering hepatopancreas cells of the blue crab... 

In studies of the fate of hydrocarbons in terrestrial animals, considerable attention is directed toward relations between aromatic hydrocarbon metabolism, interactions of metabolites with macromolecules (e.g., DNA), and the formation of neoplastic lesions (] ). A broad perspective exists in studies with marine organisms. In the aquatic forms, exposure to pollutants that are rich in aromatic hydrocarbons, such as petroleum, leads to a wide variety of acute and chronic effects (2J. Attempts to delineate these effects require an understanding of the accumulation of the xenobiotics in tissues and an assessment of metabolite formation and retention. The important additional problem of the interaction of metabolites with genetic materials has not been studied to an appreciable degree in marine life. 

Bend, J.R., M.O. James, and P.M. Dansette. 1977. In vitro metabolism of xenobiotics in some marine animals. In H.F. Kraybill, C.J. Dawe, J.C. Harsharger, and R.G. Tardiff (Eds.), Aquatic pollutants and biologic effects with emphasis on neoplasia. Annals of New York Academy of Science 298 505-521. 

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