Apple procyanidins

Yanagida, A., Kanda, T., Shoji, T., Ohnishi-Kameyama, M., and Nagata, T., Fractionation of apple procyanidins by size-exclusion chromatography, /. Chromatogr. A, 855, 181, 1999. 

Procyanidins and catechins were primarily obtained from black tea (procyanidins >47.6% and catechins >57.6%i) and apples (procyanidins >15.8% and catechins >7.5%) (Table 4.16). The main catechins consumed were EGCG (23%), ECG (22%), and EC (25%). 

Apple procyanidin Tumor (Jig/mL Putrescine Spermidine Spermine... 

Shoji, T. Masumoto, S. Moriichi, N. Akiyama, H. Kanda, T. Ohtake, Y. Goda, Y. 2006. Apple procyanidin oligomers absorption in rats after oral administration analysis of procyanidins in plasma using the porter method and high-performance... 

Vidal, R., Hemandez-Vallejo, S., Pauquai, T, Texier, O., Rousset, M., Chambaz, J., Demignot, S., Lacorte, J. M. (2005). Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes. J. Lipid Res., 46, 258-268. 

These results indicate that the present method is capable of fractionating the apple procyanidin oligomers from ACTs according to the degree of polymerization. The highly polymerized, very hydrophilic oligomers, which tend to be adsorbed on the column packing materials by HPLC, were aU recovered from the CCC column. 

An efficient separation of apple procyanidins (oligomeric catechins) was performed by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) in a one-step operation from an apple condensed tannins fraction using a hydrophilic two-phase solvent system composed of methylacetate-water (1 1, v/v). In further matrix-assisted laser desorption initiation-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analyses of the solute oligomers, the elution order of the procyanidins in the HSCCC was coincident with their degree of polymerization. 

Shibusawa, Y. Yanagida, A. Ito, A. Ichihashi, K. Shindo, H. Ito, Y. High-speed counter-current chromatography of apple procyanidins. J. Chromatogr. A, 2000, 886, 65-73. 

Pancreatic lipase is a key enzyme for TAG absorption and many studies have associated polyphenols with lipase inhibition. Sugiyama et al. (2007) showed that oligomeric apple procyanidins had an inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase activity in vitro which was higher than other polyphenolic compounds of an apple extract. These results were also confirmed in both an animal and a human study where oligomeric apple procyanidins inhibited postprandial TAG absorption. ... 

Vidal R, Hemandez-Vallejo S, Pauquai T, et aL Apple procyanidins decrease cholesterol esterification and lipoprotein secretion in Caco-2/TC7 enterocytes. J Lipid Res. 2005 46(2) 258—268. 

Fig. 2 SEC elution profile of apple procyanidins using a Toyopearl HW-40 F column. Experimental conditions the column size was 950 x 25 mm inner diameter mobile phase solvent was acetone-8 M urea (pH 2) (6 4) flow rate was 1.0 mL/min the eluent was fractionated into 3 ml fractions each the total phenolics content (i.e., the value corresponding to the absorbance at 760 nm) in each fraction was estimated by modified Folin-Ciocalteu assay filled circle= chromatogram of apple procyanidins (10 mg/0.5 ml of mobile phase) open c// c/e=chromatogram of a mixture of standard oligomers from monomer to trimer (each 2 mg/0.5 ml of mobile phase) (reproduced from ref. [24] with permission from Elsevier)...

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