Apparatuses for use above the ice point

In general, stirred autoclave cells with P, Tcontrol are used for hydrate phase equilibria measurements. Over the last 50 years, hydrate phase equilibria apparatuses have been developed with the above three principles. As a consequence of reading 

Schroeder s (1927) hydrate monograph (Katz, Personal Communication, 1988), Hammerschmidt (1934) constructed a Pyrex tube flow apparatus for visual observation of simulated pipeline formations. After the gas flow stopped, slow heating enabled visual confirmation of hydrate disappearance, with measurement of temperatures and pressures. While numerous hydrate equilibria data were obtained using the above apparatus, Hammerschmidt reported a correlation rather than data, thereby inhibiting analysis of his data by others. 

FIGURE 6.1 (a) Detail of Deaton and Frost hydrate formation equilibrium cell. 

Development of High Pressure Visual Hydrate Cell 

1974 1980 Berecz and Balla-Achs Dharmawardhana, Parrish, and Sloan 

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