Antiviral agents, resistant

It may be possible to increase the utility of our resources to treat influenza virus infection through combinations of antiviral agents with different modes of action (discussed in Cinatl et al. 2007a De Clercq and Neyts 2007). The sialidase inhibitors, for example, may be able to be used in conjunction with the adamantane-based M2 ion channel inhibitors (Govorkova et al. 2004 Ilyushina et al. 2006), with Ribavirin (Smee et al. 2002) or with non-influenza virus specific therapeutics such as anti-inflammatory drugs (Carter 2007). Combination therapy may also reduce the potential of resistance development (Ilyushina et al. 2006). 

Like HIV and other RNA viruses, HCV replicates as a quasispecies due to a high level of viral replication in combination with an error-prone replication strategy. Therefore, the issue of drug-resistance is expected to be a major challenge in this case as well. Indeed, resistance to HCV antiviral agents has already been... 

Invent and learn to manufacture effective antiviral agents and antibiotics to fight all serious diseases, including those caused by drug-resistant pathogens. 

Antitumor drugs cisplatin as, history, 37 175-179 platinum compounds future studies, 37 206-208 resistance to, 37 192-193 second-generation, 37 178 Antiviral agents, 36 37-38 AOR, see Aldehyde oxidoreductase Aphanothece sacrum, ferredoxins, amino acid sequence, 38 225-227 Apo-calcylin, 46 455 Apo-caldodulin, 46 449-450 Apoenzyme, 22 424 Apoferritin biosynthesis, 36 457 cystalline iron core, 36 423 Fe(III)distribution, 36 458-459 Fe(II) sequestration, 36 463-464 ferroxidase centers, 36 457-458 iron core reconstruction in shell, 36 457 mineralization, 36 25 Mdssbauer spectra, 36 459-460 optical absorbance spectra, 36 418-419 subunit conformation and quaternary structure, 36 470-471... 

In HSV and VZV, the most common mechanism of resistance to acyclovir involves mutations that result in decreased thymidine kinase activity. Therefore, these viral mutants exhibit cross-resistance to other antiviral agents that require thymidine kinase activation, such... 

Viral resistance develops rapidly in approximately 30% of individuals treated with amantadine or rimantadine. Resistant viruses are associated with the failure of drug prophylaxis in close contacts of infected individuals who have been treated with these antiviral agents. Mutation in the transmembrane domain of the M2 protein is the most frequent cause of resistance to amantadine and rimantadine. 

Many flavonoids are known to be phytoalexins, antiviral agents, and to serve as antiinflammatory and antitumor compounds. Several isoflavones have estrogenic activity in mammals (70). (-)-Vestitol and sativan, isoflavans from Lotus species, are phytoalexins. 3R(-)-Vestitol from the resistant pasture legume Lotus pedunculatus, has been demonstrated to be a feeding deterrent... 

The development of viral resistance towards antiviral agents enhances the need for new compounds active against viral infections, and therefore natural products may offer a new source of antiviral agents [124]. 

Although antiviral drugs available for influenza have activity against influenza A, many or most of the circulating strains of avian H5N1, as well as the HI and H3 strains causing seasonal influenza in the United States, are resistant to the adamantane agents. Resistance to oseltamivir has also increased dramatically. 

Schuetz ID, Connelly MC, Sun D, Paibir SG, Flynn PM, Srinivas RV, Kumar A, Fridland A. MRP4 a previously unidentified factor in resistance to nucleoside-based antiviral agents. Nat Med 1999 5 1048-1051. 

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