Antiport systems, secondary active transport

The gradients of H, Na, and other cations and anions established by ATPases and other energy sources can be used for secondary active transport of various substrates. The best-understood systems use Na or gradients to transport amino acids and sugars in certain cells. Many of these systems operate as symports, with the ion and the transported amino acid or sugar moving in the same direction (that is, into the cell). In antiport processes, the ion and the other transported species move in opposite directions. (For example, the anion transporter of erythrocytes is an antiport.) Proton symport proteins are used by E. coU and other bacteria to accumulate lactose, arabinose, ribose, and a variety of amino acids. E. coli also possesses Na -symport systems for melibiose as well as for glutamate and other amino acids. 

Methods of traversing the basolateral membrane include uptake systems for organic cations and anions via fadhtated diffusion and/or active transport [1]. Organic anions and cations cross the basolateral membrane via ATP-driven or secondary active processes (H -antiport) [2]. Basolateral uptake processes include the gamma-glutamyl transport system [3] and those for glycoproteins [4]. Certain proteins (insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF)) are transcytosed across the tubular cells from the blood to the tubular lumen via receptor-mediated uptake [5]. 

The term ion pump, synonymous with active ion-transport system, is used to refer to a protein that translocates ions across a membrane, uphill against an electrochemical potential gradient. The primary pumps do so by utilization of energy derived from various types of chemical reactions such as ATP hydrolysis, electron transfers (redox processes), and decarboxylations, or from the absorption of light (Table 1). Secondary pumps are symport and antiport systems that derive the energy for uphill movement of one species from a coupled downhill movement of another species. The electrochemical gradient driving the latter movement is often created by a primary pump. 

Many active-transport systems couple the uphill flow of one ion or molecule to the downhill flow of another. These membrane proteins, called secondary transporters or cotransporters, can be classified as antiporters or symporters. Antiporters couple the downhill flow of one type of ion in one direction to the uphill flow of another in the opposite direction. Symporters move both ions in the same direction. 

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