Antioxidative activity chitosan

A number of studies have examined the antioxidant activities of chitosan from various sources. Park et al. (2004a) prepared three kinds of partially deacetylated hetero-chitosans such as 90% deacetylated, 75% deacetylated, and 50% deacetylated chitosan from crab chitin, and their antioxidant properties were measured using electron spin resonance spectrometry. Park and coworkers found that their antioxidant activities were dependent on the DD, and the 90% deacetylated chitosan showed the highest free radical scavenging activities. Yen et al. (2008) also found that a sample with more amino groups at the C-2 position showed the highest antioxidant activity. Tomida et al. (2009) examined the protective effects of seven different MW chitosans on plasma protein from oxidation by peroxyl radicals. In the ability to protect plasma protein from... 

In vivo studies were also conducted by several researchers. Anraku et al. (2009) examined the antioxidant effects of water-soluble chitosan in normal subjects by measuring the reduction of indices of oxidative stress. Treatment with chitosan for 4weeks produced a significant decrease in levels of plasma glucose and the atherogenic index, and led to an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Chitosan treatment also lowered the ratio of oxidized to reduced albumin and increased total plasma antioxidant activity. Further, Anraku et al. (2011) proved the antioxidant effects of high MW chitosan in normal volunteers, and the obtained results were consistent with previous results observed by Anraku et al. (2009). 

Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Tang, K., Hu, X., Zou, G. (2008). Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 107, 891-897. 

The product quality has been analyzed with respect to the retention of the antioxidant activity of the spray-dried powder. Polyphenolic compounds present in several extracts (grape seed, apple polyphenolic extract, or olive-leaf) were also encapsnlated by SD in protein-lipid emulsions (Kosaraju et al, 2008) and chitosan (Kosaraju et al., 2006). 

Hu B, Ting Y, Zeng X, Huang Q. Bioactive peptides/chitosan nanoparticles enhance cellular antioxidant activity of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. J Agric Food C/icm. janv 30, 2013 61(4) 875—881. 

Antioxidative Activity of Chitosan, Chitooligosaccharides, and Their Derivatives.242... 

In this chapter, antioxidative activity of chitosan and their derivatives containing COSs has been reviewed. 

Guo et al. (2006) have synthesized A -substituted chitosan and quatemized chitosan and evaluated their antioxidative activity on hydroxyl radicals. It has been found that the antioxidative activity of quatemized chitosan derivatives was higher than that of TV-substituted chitosan derivatives. 

Chitosan (N-deacetylated derivative of chitin), a naturally abundant mucopolysaccharide and its derivatives containing COSs were prepared by enzymatic and chemical modification. In addition, chitosan and its derivatives showed potent antioxidant activity. Moreover, chemical modification of chitosan can be easily provided with more powerful antioxidative compounds. Considering the above findings, it is expected that chitosan and its derivatives contained COSs wonld be promising candidates as potent antioxidative agents leading to their valuable use in neutracenticals and expand their applications in Biomedicine. 

Guo, Z., Xing, R., Liu, S. et al. 2005. The synthesis and antioxidant activity of the Schiff bases of chitosan and carboxymethyl chitosan. Bioorg. Chem. Lett. 15 4600-4603. 

Kim, K. W. and Thomas, R. L. 2007. Antioxidative activity of chitosans with varying molecular weight. Food Chem. 101 308-313. 

Matsugo, S., Mizuie, M., Matsugo, M., Ohwa, R., Kitano, H., and Konishi, T. 1998. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 44 939-948. 

Xie, W., Xu, P., and Liu, Q. 2001. Antioxidant activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives. Bioorg. Med Chem. Lett. 11 1699-1701. 

Xing R., Liu S., Guo Z. et al. 2005. Relevance of molecular weight of chitosan and its derivatives and then-antioxidant activities in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem 13 1573-1577. 

The microbial deterioration and oxidation of foods are the major problans that arise in increasing the shelf life of foods. However, food preservation has been achieved snccessfully with the chemical preservatives. The growing consumer demand toward foods without ch ical preservatives has received attention due to natural preservatives, including chitin, chitosan, and COS. The special properties such as antimicrobial activity and antioxidative activity allow the chitin, chitosan, and especially COS to get successful as natural preservatives in the food indnstry. 

V. Jarmila, and E. Vavrikova, Chitosan derivatives with antimicrobial, antitumour and antioxidant activities-a review, Curr. Pharm. Des., 17 (32), 3596-3607,2011. 

L. Cui, C. Tang, and C. Yin, Effects of quaternization and PEGylation on the biocompatibility, enzymatic degradability and antioxidant activity of chitosan derivatives. Carbohydrate Polymers, 87 (4), 2505-2511,2012. 

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