Antibody production Treg cells

However, recent data obtained in humans also suggest direct actions of Tregs on B cells, as Lim et al. [31] have shown that isolated Tregs can suppress antibody production and the class switching recombination of B cells in the absence of T-helper cells. 

CD4" Treg cells suppress Thl/Th2 cells function, the expansion of CD8+ cells and B-cell production of antibody. These are CD4 CD25 CD57 T cells that co-express CXCR5 and localize to T cell zone and germinal centers. T cells that express NKl.l (CD4" NKT cells) as well as NK are there. 

It is well accepted that innate and adaptive immune mechanisms modnlate atherosclerosis [1,2] and immune responses to OSEs, such as OxPLs, play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis. [3] Following lipid accnmnlation in the vessel wall, atherosclerosis develops when the net balance between snbsets of immune cells and their products, such as proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory subsets of macrophages, B-1 cells and B-2 cells and their respective IgM and IgG antibodies, T effector cells and Tregs and co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules tilts toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype [4]. 

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