Antibodies structural arrangement

Fig. (6). A possible structural arrangement of antibody. Space-filling view of the molecule. One complete heavy chain is in white and the other is dark gray, the two light chains are lightly shaded. The large black spheres represent the individual hexose units of the complex carbohydrate [21].

Avidity. Avidity is a measure of the overall stability or strength of the antibody-antigen complex. It is controlled by three major factors antibody-epitope affinity the valence of both the antigen and the antibody and the structural arrangement of the interacting ligands. 

Antiparallel beta (P) structures comprise the second large group of protein domain structures. Functionally, this group is the most diverse it includes enzymes, transport proteins, antibodies, cell surface proteins, and virus coat proteins. The cores of these domains are built up by p strands that can vary in number from four or five to over ten. The P strands are arranged in a predominantly antiparallel fashion and usually in such a way that they form two P sheets that are joined together and packed against each other. 

Immune systems in plants are based on passive, structural immunity, such as a waxy surface or cuticle, and active immunity exists in the expression of some chemicals. The mechanism of this system is to prevent infectious agents from gaining access to plant cells. Plant immunity may also be protoplasmic. This means that the protoplast in cells is an unfavourable environment for pathogenic development. Plants do not, however, produce antibodies like animals do. The protoplasmic immunity is arranged generally by phytoalexins, non-specific... 

Many aspects of the social behavior of cells are determined by the composition, arrangement, and interaction of cell-surface molecules. Therefore, changes in the composition and structure of plasma membranes appear to contribute to differences in such characteristics as cell adhesion, contact inhibition, and tumorogenicity of cells. Cell-surface glycoproteins, in particular, participate in a number of membrane-modulated phenomena, including responsiveness to hormones, agglutination by lectins, recognition by antibodies, or uptake of nutri-... 

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