Antibiotics table

Nystatin. This compound (1) belongs to the group of polyene antimycotic antibiotics (Table 1). Siace the early 1960s, approximately 200 polyenes have been isolated from different Streptomjces strains. 

Penicillin desensitization is the most common drug desensitization protocol and is required for penicillin-allergic patients when penicillin is clearly the best treatment option, e.g., when syphilis is present in pregnancy. Protocols have been adapted to most antibiotics. Tables 51-5 and 51-6 describe procedures for oral and intravenous penicillin desensitization.25... 

It is often said that when a suspected virus disease may be controlled by antibiotics(Table 3), the cause of the diseases must be mycoplasma and never a virus. This arbitrary statement segregating viruses from mycoplasma has many times been held valid, but there remain several other instances where application of antibiotics to the host plant has reduced the pathogenesis of viruses to a considerable degree(69-70). 

The penicillins and cephalosporins constitute the group of /3-lactam-containing antibiotics. Tables 7.1 and 7.4 show the structure of a number of penicillins and cephalosporins discussed in the text. 

Another way in which this interaction can be demonstrated is to examine the efficiency of the R factor mediated /3-lactamase in protecting the permeability mutant of Ps. aeruginosa against /3-lactam antibiotics. Table 7.12 shows MIC results of the parent and mutant strains against four antibiotics. For each antibiotic the R factor mediated /8-lactamase is less efficient at protecting the mutant cell. 

Although there are many similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic protein synthesis, there are also notable differences. In fact, these differences are the basis for the therapeutic and research uses of several antibiotics (Table 19.2). Consequently, the details of prokaryotic and eukaryotic processes are discussed separately. Each discussion is followed by a brief description of mechanisms that control translation. 

Assuming that the major accumulation of erythromycin in S. aureus cells is determined by uptake dependent on the amounts of ribosome present in the cells, these observations of drug accumulation can be easily accounted for. As described in a previous section, erythromycin molecules can bind to ribosome at a certain equilibrium state expressed as a dissociation constant [39]. For example, on the supposition that an intracellular concentration of erythromycin increases by 30 times the level of that in an extracellular medium (1 pg/ml), the nonprotonated molecules of erythromycin (p T = 8.8) are able to occupy no more than 1% of a drug concentration present in S. aureus cell. That is why it is expected that intracellular pH would be 6.8 or less [200] and that erythromycin (even as a free base) with p T = 8.8 is one of the most water-soluble (i.e., deposition-resisting) drugs in the macrolide antibiotics (Table I). 

The more lipophilio the side ohain of a peniciiiin, the more serum protein bound is the antibiotic (Table 38.7). 

From an analytical perspective, f)-lactam antibiotics (Table 1.3) are stable under neutral or slightly basic conditions. These drugs degrade significantly as a result of the composition of some buffers (see Chapter 6 for further discussion). 

There have recently been reports (Lowenberg et al, 19941 Callen et al, 1995) indicating that passivation of Ti-6A1-4V in HNO3 increases the release of all three constituent elements in a culture medium (a-Minimal Essential Medium with 15% foetal bovine serum and 10% antibiotics). Table 9.17 exemplifies the results obtained for titanium ions, for three periods of immersion of three days each. The level of Ti is significantly reduced throughout the 9-day experimental period. 

ADRIAMYCIN AND RELATED ANTHRACYCLINE ANTIBIOTICS TABLE 3.1 (continued)... 

IR-and UV-spectroscopy data indicate to taking place interaction between AM and ChT. It may be noted, for example, a significant change in the ratio between the intensity of the bands ChT corresponding hydroxyl and nitrogen-containing groups, before and after the interaction with the antibiotic (Table 13.4). 

Substitution of a 7a-methoxyl group on the cephalothin molecule also leads to an improvement in enzyme stability, but not as much as for cefoxitin, indicating that the 3 -carbamoyl contributes to -lactamase resistance. Additionally, the thienylacetyl group promotes -lactamase stability of the antibiotic (Table XII). As shown by their rates of hydrolysis (Table XIII), cefoxitin is more resistant than its naturally occurring precursor, cephamycin C, to a -lactamase from E. cloacae, just as cephalothin is more resistant than its precursor, cephalosporin C. 

There is also a good correlation between the high affinities of 7a-methoxycephalosporins to PBP 4, PBP 5, and PBP 6, which are reported to be identical to o-alanine carboxypeptidases IB (Iwaya and Strominger, 1977 Matsuhashi et al., 1977) and lA (Matsuhashi et al., 1978), respectively, and the extremely high sensitivities of the enzymes to these antibiotics (Table XXVI), o-Alanine-carboxypeptidase being predomi-... 

THEORETICAL STUDIES ON P-LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS TABLE X (Continued)... 

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