Antibiotics development

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 996-997r 1145—1146. Ka tzung, p 8455 Metronidazole is often used to treat antibiotic-associated enterocolitis, especially when caused by C difficile. Vancomycin is no longer preferred because it induces selection of resistant staphylococci. Clindamycin is also associated with C difficile colitis, but in another way a higher percentage of patients taking this over other antibiotics develop antibiotic-associated enterocolitis. 

Alekshun MN. (2005) New advances in antibiotic development and discovery. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 14 117-134. 

G. N. Rolinson, The influence of 6-amino-penidllanic add on antibiotic development, J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 1988, 22, 5-14. 

C Rosenow, J Trias. Mur ligases in S. pneumoniae targets for novel antibiotic development. Abstracts of the 38th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, 1998, p 274. 

MB Schmid, New targets and strategies for identification of novel classes of antibiotics. In D Hughes, D Andersson, eds. Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Development, London Harwood, 2000. 

Search for genes that are unique to a particular organism to identify candidates for narrow-spectrum antibiotic development. 

We use the IMG system to find gene families that are conserved among bacteria but are missing from eukaryotes. These gene families then constitute a pool of potential targets for broad-spectrum antibiotic development. 

Blasticidin S. Blasticidin S is the first successful agricultural antibiotic developed in Japan. It was isolated from the culture filtrates of Streptomyces griseochromogenes by Takeuchi et al. (7), and the potent curative effect of blasticidin S on rice blast was found by Misato et al. (8) Thereafter the benzyl-aminobenzene sulfonate of blasticidin S was reported to be least phytotoxic to the host plant without reducing antifungal activity against Pyricularia oryzae, the pathogen of rice blast (9), and... 

Among the other potentials for the role of pharmacogenomics in the future of medicine, one could list customized therapy, screening for disease predisposition, customized preventative care, and improved extrapolation of drugs from adults to children. Pharmacogenomics could also be applied to nonhuman organisms, for example, to bacteria for identifying the correct antibiotic development [11]. 

T. Takeuchi and K. Nitta, "Novel Antitumor Antibiotics Developed in Japan" in "Gann Monograph on Cancer Research", ed by T. Takeuchi, K. Nitta and N. Tanaka, No. 36, pp. 3 - 19 (1989), Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo. 

Widespread antibiotic usage exerts a selective pressure that acts as a driving force in the development of antibiotic resistance. The association between increased rates of antimicrobial use and resistance has been documented for nosocomial infections and resistant community acquired infections. As resistance to first-line antibiotics develops, treatment using new, broader spectrum, more expensive antibiotics increases, but is followed by the development of resistance to the new class of drugs [4]. 

The committee could find no active U S. research on tularemia. Given the possibility of effective treatment with current antibiotics and the recent increase in antibiotic development to counter resistance in many more common pathogens, tularemia research is not a high priority. USAMRIID conducts assays of 2nd and 3rd generation antibiotics as they come on the market, using all of the bacterial threat agents in animal models. 

Blasticidin S (1) represents the first agricultural antibiotic developed in Japan. The compound has been isolated from culture broth of Streptomyces chriseochro-mogenes [2] and the chemical structure has been elucidated [3, 4]. Blasticidin S... 

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